ABSTRACT
The elements and structures made of cement-based composites are subjected to loads and actions of various origins and natures. Internal forces, that is axial and shearing stresses and bending moments, are due to dead weight, service loads of static or dynamic nature, and imposed deformations. Besides, external actions of chemical (corrosion) and physical (low and high temperature, moisture) origin can be foreseen. Various combinations of these actions, together with ageing processes, are considered in structural and material design and in execution.
