Macroscopic description of the non-linear electro-mechanical coupling in ferroelectrics

F ig u re 4 . Model response to a more complex loading path (the capital letters in Figures b) - d) indicate the end of the corresponding load step in Figure a ) ): a) Electro-mechanical loading history E(t), cr(t). b) Polarization P vs. electric field E. c) Stress cr vs. strain e. d) Stress a vs. polarization P.