ABSTRACT
Underpinning as a branch of foundation engineering has evolved and continues to develop by the application of several disciplines-particularly the material sciences, geotechnology, civil and structural engineering, and concrete technology-coupled with individual flair and experience. Underpinning is a continuously improving operation as new materials and ideas emerge in the light of experience. Direct involvement in underpinning work is the best way to gain actual knowledge and practical skills. Theoretical knowledge is necessary in order to optimize sound design and techniques. The Bullivant underpinning systems display innovation and specialization, and quality assurance is a central theme in the methods of construction.
