ABSTRACT

The earliest reports of commercial anchoring into soil to provide lateral support to a vertical excavated face date from 1958, when Bauer grouted bars into a heavy alluvium for an excavation in Cologne. Since this date there has been a startling increase in the use of anchorages throughout the world, and millions of soil anchorages have been installed. These range from bars of a few tonnes capacity in soil reinforcement, to prestressed tendons of several hundred tonnes to provide lateral restraint to deep excavations and unstable natural slopes.