ABSTRACT
Due to the modern trend towards refurbishment of existing buildings and other structures, and the development of 'gap' sites in cities, access is almost always very cramped and limited. While the development of the miniexcavator has enabled mechanical plant to be used in many restricted sites, there are many more where hand digging is the only solution to the access problem-as in the situation where the existing structure requires extensive internal propping and shoring. The use of the hand dig technique can also have other benefits; for example, it will enable the engineer to monitor the work step by step where the ground investigation has not, of necessity, been as detailed as he would have wished. It is of paramount importance during excavation for underpinning that the trenches and pits are adequately supported to prevent ground movement. A careful technique such as hand excavation will enable the contractor to control his temporary works and will permit time for modification should this prove necessary.
