• V=Q-Q; (A.14) • (A.15) (A.16) • (A.17) •

Equation (A.18) is superior to equation (A.181) since it is based upon two experimentally determined quantities, Vo and Qd;105 for each freeze/thaw specimen.

• S, U and En/Eo [from equation (A.10)- (A.12)].