ABSTRACT
Accelerated testing 466 ACI 544 test 389 Adaptive remeshing analysis 241, 245 Advanced performance, see High
performance, definition Aging effects 184 Alkali-resistant glass 32, 41 Analytical modeling. 375, 376, 377-8, 380 Anchorage, fiber 113 Anisotropic plasticity model 269, 271-2 Aramid fibers, see Kevlar (aramid) fibers Asbestos cement 28,41,473 Aspect ratio 9 ,10,11,13 ASTM C1018 toughness test 210-12,211,
217,386-9,387,388,399
Bar-concrete bond 376, 377-8, 379 Beam-column joint, plastic hinge 308,
309,312 Beams
crack width control 295, 297 ductility of prestressed 338, 340 with ECC layer 296 flexural behavior 247, 248, 276,
277 impact response 321,325 modeling 340, 342 over-reinforced 319,321 shear response 326, 329 SIFCON matrix 340, 342 structural response of FRC 276, 279
Belgian Standard NBN B 15-238 test 390-91, 391, 392, 393,393, 394
Bond behavior 159,161,782 analytical modeling 375 deformed bars
in microfiber reinforced matrix 366 -7 ,368,369
in monotonic loading 351,352, 353, 354-8, 359, 481
in passive confinement 359, 360, 360,361,362
in SIFCON 359, 363,364 , 364, 365, 366
under cyclic loading 367, 368, 369, 370, 375,481
deformed macro-fibers 178,179,180, 181
effect of cover 358 enhancement by matrix modification
173, 181,182 hooked end fibers 113 micro-fibers 176,177 prestressing tendons 377,481 see also Bar-concrete bond
BRITE-EURAM NEWPAVE Project 452-3 Project P-89-3275 403
Brittleness, definition 446 Building system, use of CRC-like
materials 454 Bundled fibers
stress transfer 169-70,170 structure 155, 156
Carbon Fiber Composite Cables (CFCC) 340
Carbon fiber mesh, weaving structure 58, 58
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Mortar (CFRM) 30
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) 480
Carbon-Mat-Mortar Composites (CMMC) 30-31,31,41,183,473
Cellulose fiber FRC 183,184, 473 Cellulose-pulp cements 28,29,41 Center point loading test, see Three-point
loading test Chemically Activated Fly Ash
(CAFA) 27,37,41,473
496 Subject index
Chloride ion penetration 434 Civil Infrastructure System (CIS) 467, 484 Clamping stress 163,163 ,164 Compact Reinforced Composite
(CRC) 27 ,35-6 ,36 ,41 ,450 structural applications 453-5
Composite materials fracture mechanics approach 205-7 mechanical behavior 3-7 micromechanics approach 207, 209-10
Compressive toughness 397 Computer models
at fiber-matrix (constituent) level 232 crack growth 256, 257, 258, 259, 260,
261,262,263 endochronic constitutive modeling 274,
276,277, 278 fiber pullout 255,261 flexural behavior of beams 247, 248 fracture behavior 239-41,242,243,
244,245,246 geometric 249, 250, 251 implementation stages 254-5 review 479-80 rigid particle modeling 264,265,266,
267, 268, 269,270 SIFCON triaxial behavior 269, 271-2,
273,275 simulation requirements 249 structural features of FRCC 247,249,
250, 251-2 ,253, 254 structural response of beams 276,
279-80,281,282,283, 284, 285 tensile behavior 232-9, 233, 235,237,
238,240 Concrete cover, importance 378, 379 Confined Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(CFRC) 359 Constitutive relations
shear behavior 326 structural modeling 340, 479-80
Contact detection method, motion model 251-2
Contact model method 252 Containers, in PPFRC 452 Continuous fiber-mats, see SIMCON Continuum damage mechanics, see
Damage mechanics
Conventional fiber reinforced composites (C-FRC) 232,233
Conventional flexural strength 391,392 Coring, SIFCON blocks 272,273 Crack bridging, see Fiber bridging Crack growth
computer models 256 local 249 specimen history 243 stages 478 width control in RC beams 295, 297,
298,299,320, 321,379 see also Wing-crack growth
Crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) measurement 212,212, 213,214,386, 397
Crack number 378, 379 Crack patterns 74 ,74, 85,243 Crack penetration 378,379 Crack tip fracture energy 49, 50 Crack Tip Opening Acceleration
(CTOA) 415,415 Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD),
use of fiber optics 413-15,414, 415, 415,416
Crack-sliding resistance 61, 196,197 Crimping, effect 174,175 Critical fiber volume fraction 5, 6, 7, 9 ,11,
12,13, 14,16 effect on load-deflection response 260,
263 Curing procedures 38-9, 40 Curvature distribution factor 316 Cyclic loading
bond behavior 367, 368 compression tests 121, 124., 126, 131-3 shear behavior 329,330,331,332
3D information 252, 254 Damage coefficient 64 Damage index, fiber induced 63 Damage mechanics 133-6,135,137
accumulation 126,128,129 distributions 246 localization 194 pattern of notched specimen 198 and plasticity theory 136-9 ,137,140,
Subject index 497
Data acquisition systems, specification 388,401
DCB specimens 83-4, 84 Debonding behavior 141,159,160
atlT Z 156,157, 158 at matrix cracking 196,197
Debonding energy 14 ,15, 81 Deformation behavior 321,325 Deformed macro-fibers, bonding 178,
179,180, 181 Demoulding time 40 Densified Small Particles (DSP)
materials 36,450,453-4 Densit material 450 Discontinuous fiber composites
aligned 76 randomly distributed 76 see also SIFCON
Displacement controlled tests 399 Drainage covers, use of CRC-like
materials 454 Dramix steel fibers 334, 404, 406-411,
451 effect on impact response 321 fatiguetests 113-14 stress-extension curves 221,222 toughness index effect 322
Ductility effect of processing techniques 217 prestressed beams 338, 340
Ductility index 315, 316 Durability effects 183, 432, 434
see also Repair and Retrofits (R&R) Dutch CUR-Aanbeveling 35 test 395
E-glass, use as fiber 32 Earthquake resistant design, see Seismic
design Elastic modulus 85
homogenization based model 8 8-91, 90,91,92
pseudo three phase model 86-8, 87,88 Elastic-plastic-cohesive model, see
Analytical modeling Endochronic constitutive modeling 274,
276 Endurance limit 104,105,1 0 8 ,109,475 Energy dissipation 126,128,402
Energy ratio, see Damage accumulation Engineered Cementitious Composites
(ECC) 18,295,297 polyethylene 296
Extruder, auger-type 215, 216 Extrusion process 216
samples 215
Failure and damage processes, ITZ 156, 157, 158
Fatigue life prediction 130-31 Fatigue strength 105, 475
fiber properties 105 modeling 475 prediction 130-31 testing program 103-104
Fiber bridging 49, 61, 62 ,158 ,195 ,196, 217,236
Fiber mats, see Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON)
Fiber mesh 58-9,59 Fiber orientation
effect on FRC behavior 403-5, 406-11,412
effect on pull-out resistance 165,166, 167,168, 169
micro-fibers 176,177 short fibers 217,219
Fiber orientation coefficient 404-5 Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites
(FRCC) computer simulation 267, 268, 269 developments 2 high performance, see High
Performance FRCC multiple cracking 269, 270 structural features 247, 249,250
Fiber Reinforced Chemically Activated Fly Ash (FR-CAFA) 37,37
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) 2D generated model 253 flexural tests 399 low end 292,295 structural applications 482-3 under compressive cyclic loading 121,
122,123,124,124,125, 126, 131-3
use of optical fibers for testing 412-15
498 Subject index
Fiber reinforced polymeric (FRP) reinforcements 338, 340
Fiber-matrix interfaces 162, 163,476-7 Fibers
combined strengthening and weakening effects 64-6, 64, 65
continuous 174 different geometries 236, 238 ductile 255 flexible 255 metallic, see Steel fibers micromechanical properties 79-80, 80 non-metallic 27, 38-9, 473
see also under specific types Fictitious crack model (FCM) 67-8 Finite element model (FEM)
approach 234, 235, 237 shear behavior 326
First crack definition 387,388,397 strength enhancement 171-2
Flexural fatigue strength at low frequency 113 at moderate frequency 103 loading rates 103 low frequency experimental
program 114-14,115,116 SIFCON, see SIFCON
Flexural fatigue stress 104,106,107,110, 111
Flexural strength/toughness 66-7, 75, 386-96
after fatigue loading 112, 113 conventional, see Conventional flexural
strength effect of processing techniques 217 long fiber fracture 205 micro-fiber FRC 173 quasi-brittle FRCC 67-70, 68, 69, 70 strain-hardening FRCC 70-75, 71, 72,
73 table of values 214 testing set-up 481
Formwork, use of SIMCON 480 Four-point loading test 389 Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FTIR)
spectra 38, 39 Fracture energy 18
consumption contours 241,244 debonding 81 modeling 471 pull-out 76-80, 79, 80 see also Toughness
Fracture events, frequency distributions 241,244
Fracture mechanics 7-9 composite behavior 205-7, 208 two crack system model 256,257, 260
Fracture process analysis through adaptive
remeshing 241,245 cementitious materials 194,195 simulation 241 specimen numerical models 241,244,
245 Framing system, seismic design 312, 313 French Standard AFNOR P I8-409
test 395
General numerical model of tensile behavior (GNMT) 234
German toughness specifications 395, 396,397
Glass-Fiber Reinforced Composite (GFRC) 32, 183,473
durability 473 workability/rheology 473
Half-cyclic loading tests 370, 371, 372 Heat treatment, effect 41 High performance, definition 2, 3 High Performance Fiber Reinforced
Cement Composites (HPFRCC) 3, 473
applications 292,293,294., 472, 482-3
future research needs 483 structural performance 95, 342,343,
474-5 see also under specific types
Homogenization theory 88-9 model, see Elastic modulus
Impact response beams 321,322,323,324,325 force time curves 323
Interfacial behavior bond strength 159, 161,218 pullout of aligned fiber 199,200,
201-2 pullout of inclined fiber 202-5
Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) bundled fibers 155,156 failure and damage processes 156,157,
158 lateral stresses and strains 161, 163, 165 macro-fibers 152,153, 154 micro-fibers 154,155 microstructure 151-2
J-integral table 214 JCI Standard SF-4 test 210, 389-90 Joints
beam-column see under Beam-column joints
cast-in-place (CIP) 312, 313, 314, 315 seismic, see Seismic design
Kawai computer models 264 Kevlar (aramid) fibers 169 Krenit Fiber Reinforced Composite 65, 66
Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC), metal fibers functions 34-5
Lattice model 239,242 Limit analysis models 375, 376, 377 Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM),
application 201 Load sharing mechanism 276, 277 Load-CMOD measurement see Crack
mouth opening displacement (CMOD) measurement
Load-deflection curves instability effects 400-2, 400,401,402 plastic hinge 310, 311, 312 prestressed beams 339 shear reinforcement 328 SIFCON matrix 318,339 static loading 323,324
Load-displacement curves beam-column joints 314 DCB 83-4,84
Load-slip curves 356, 357
Main reinforcements, supplementary effect 55-8
Matrix dense 27 modification for bond enhancement 173,
181,182 surface energy 14 toughness 50, 51 void content 91,92
Metal fibers, see Steel fibers Micro-fibers, bonding 176,177, 366-7,
368,369 Micro-parameters 472 Micromechanical modeling 45,93-6, 141,
143,479 composite behavior 207, 209-10, 209 elastic modulus 85 flexural response 66 fracture response 75 mechanical response 474-5 parameters 19,80 uniaxial compressive response 59, 61 uniaxial tensile response 45
Minimum fiber volume fraction 17 Mixing procedures 38, 39^40 Modeling, see Computer models;
Micromechanical modeling; Structural modeling
Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) 326
Modulus of Rupture (MOR) 68,72,75, 116, 256
see also Flexural strength/toughness Moment-curvature curves 285,307 Moment-deflection curves 283, 285, 341 Motion models 251-2 Multiple cracking 5, 7, 22, 5 2 -3 ,53,
425-6 criteria 472 critical fiber volume fraction 12, 14 effect of interfacial dual slip 53-4, 54,
55 permeability changes 426 strain 12
National Science Foundation (NSF) 484
Loading rates, effect 402-3
NEWPAVE project 452-3 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) 466 Non-linear analysis model 280, 282 Non-metalllic fibers 27, 38-9, 473
see also under specific names Norwegian toughness standard 396 Notch-insensitivity 197,198 Notched beam tests 397
Optical fiber sensor applications 412-15 Orientation, fibers, see Fiber orientation Orientation efficiency factors 165 Overlay systems
durability improvement 432 NEWPAVE project 452-3
PAN carbon fiber 183 Passive confinement 359 Pavements, use of overlays, see Overlay
systems Permeability, multiple cracking 426 Pipes, use of SFRC 452 Placement procedures 38,40 Plasma treatment 174,175 Plastic curvature tests 318 Plastic hinge
in beam-column joint 308,312 final failure 311 length 280,316 load-defiection curves 310 rotation 3-7 ,315-16
Plasticity theory and damage mechanics 136-9 shear behavior 326
Plate toughness tests 398 Polyolefin Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(PFRC) 447-9,448,449 field applications 453,483
Polyolefin Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete (PFRS) 453
Polypropylene cements 29,30,41, 453
see also Krenit FRC Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete
(PPFRC) 452,473 Porosity, see Matrix, void content Post-cracking stress 20, 21 Pozzolanic materials 27
Prestressed steel fiber reinforced concrete 332,333, 336,337
Prestressing force, and strand draw-in 335, 337
Proportional Elastic Limit (PEL) 256 Pseudo three phase model, see Elastic
modulus Pseudo-ductile behavior 55, 377 Pseudo-strain hardening behavior 45,47,
217,445,471 Pull-out behavior 18,20, 21, 141,143,200
computer models 255, 261, 376 effect of age 161,162, 170 effect of fiber orientation, see Fiber
orientation loading 14,15,171,203,204 spacing between fibers 170-71 temperature effects 171 see also Debonding behavior
Pull-out energy 18, 21, 76-80,160 Pull-out resistance 157, 158-71, 172,173
aligned fibers 199-202 deformed fibers 178 inclined fibers 202-5, 204 macro-fibers 178
Quasi-brittle FRCC 67-70 Quasi-strain hardening 3, 7, 22
R-curve approach 256, 259,262 Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) 32-4,
33, 34, 41, 449,450 applications 455
Rehabilitation, see Repair and Retrofit (R&R)
Reinforcement index 61,478 Repair and Retrofit (R&R)
background 424-5,482 construction recommendations 437 durability applications 431-2 ,433,434,
434,436,438 field applications of HPFRCC 435-6 HPFRCC types used 426-8 structural applications 428,429,
430-31 use of SIFCON 427,427 use of SIMCON 304, 306,427-8,428,
429,430-31
Subject index 501
Research, future requirements CIS scales 467 economics 465-6 material mechanics 462-4 performance classification 464-5 production techniques 465-6 tailoring of design 465-6 testing standardization 466
Reversed cyclic loading tests 370,373, 374
Rigid particle assemblage 265, 267
Secant modulus approach 234 Seismic design
framing system 312, 313 joints in precast concrete frames 312,
315,480 plastic hinge 308 selective use of HPFRCC 294
Shear behavior 402 dowel reinforced SIFCON 329,330,
331 ,332 finite element model (FEM)
approach 326 RC and PC beams 324, 326,327,328,
329 use of constitutive relations 326 use of plasticity theory 326
SHRP-C205 project 113 Silica fume 154,163,187 Slabs
flexural behavior 303 testing set-up 301
Sliding crack, see Crack-sliding Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete
(SIFCON) 18,451 deformed bars bond behavior see
Bond behavior durability 432,433,434 flexural fatigue testing 117-20,118,
779,120 mix designs 436,438 over-reinforced beams 319,321 R&R applications 435-6, 482 reinforced beams 340, 342 for seismic joints 312 shear behavior of dowel reinforced 329,
330,331, 332
stress-strain curves 272,275,281 structural applications 332, 455-6, 480 toughness 446-7 truss-systems 455-6, 456, 483
Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON) 451
applications 480 reinforced beams 305 repair and retrofit 304, 306,427-8 ,428 roll as delivered 299 use in composite slabs 300,301,302,
303, 304 use as formwork 480
Snubbing effect/coefficient 8, 61,77 Spanish Standard AENOR UNE 83-510-
89 test 395 Specimen size, see Size effect Spectra (high density polyethylene)
fibers 12, 169 Split cylinder test, simulation 264,266 Steel fiber reinforced concrete
(SFRC) 452,481 comparative tests 448,448 , 449 prestressed 332, 333, 334,336, 337
Steel fibers 32-7, 39-41,472,473 chopped 27 effect of composition 178,179 effect on mechanical behavior 34-5,
35 pull-out load 204, 205
Stiffness, in structural design 456 Strain capacity, cyclic/monotonic 123 Strain Equivalence Principle 133 Strain hardening 81-4,83,172, 174,426,
426 effect of processing techniques 217 under tensile stress 441-2
Strain localization, see Damage localization
Strand draw-in 335,336 Strength improvements 445-7 Strength tests 385-6 Stress-displacement graph 20,478 Stress-elongation response graph 4,20 Stress-strain curves 4, 71, 72,196, 218
characteristic coefficients 283 effect of loading rate 221,222,223 model predictions 239,240,278
502 Subject index
Stress-strain curves (continued) SIFCON 272,275 softening part 220, 220
Structural applications, FRC 482-3 Structural modeling
constitutive relations 340 non-linear analysis 340
Surface abrasion resistance 436
TDOF (two mass) substitute system 322, 325
Test specimen, size effect 398 Testing set-up
beam-column connection 309 bond behavior investigation 354, 367 composite slabs 301 cyclic shear response 330, 332 effect of machine type 399 flexural toughness test 481 impact loading 322 plastic rotation study 315-16, 317 prestressed SFRC 333, 334-5 reversed cyclic tests 370, 373, 374 static loading 322, 325 see also Four-point loading test; Three-
point loading test Three-point loading test 216, 388-9 Toughening mechanisms 195-7 ,199, 477,
479 Toughness 17-18,75,477,479
enhancing 85, 445-7 influence of processing technique 216 measurements 210-15
tests 386-98 Toughness factor, JCI SF-4 test 389-90 Toughness indexes 18,19, 20, 210-11,
211,387 ACI 544 test 389 ASTM C1018 393,394 experimental determination 471 statically loaded beams 322
Transfer length, prestressed members 334 Truss systems, use of SIFCON 455-6
Ultimate strength equations 326, 329 Uniaxial compressive behavior 59-61, 60,
66 micromechanical model 61
Uniaxial tensile behavior 45-6, 46 before first cracking 46-7 effect of interfacial dual slip 53-4 with fiber weaving structure 58-9 further cracking conditions 51-2, 52 with main reinforcements 55-8, 56, 57 multiple cracking, see Multiple cracking steady state cracking 47-50 ,47,48, 51
Vibration procedures 40 Void content, matrix 91, 92 Voronoi polygonal mesh 264, 265, 267
Weaving structure, effect 58-9, 58 Wing-crack growth 61, 62-3, 62 Wirex steel fiber 321, 322, 404,406^111
Young’s modulus 446
