ABSTRACT
Following the introduction of the first rotary socket wrench torque transducers and the first battery-powered portable peak meters in 1968, there has been continuous development of fastener torque measurement technology. The comparison of dynamic-applied torque to hand torque audits was possible only after the first rotary socket wrench torque sensors were introduced with suitable peak torque reading instruments.1 The techniques for measurement and interpretation of torque signatures have become highly refined, and capabilities have been developed both to interpret tool torque control and to make other more meaningful measurements that can be correlated with actual fastener tension.
