ABSTRACT
The often setose labrum is generally transverse and truncate or occasionally emarginate. The epipharynx is subdivided into a medial and lateral areas by 2 oblique rows of setae. The lateral and dorsal margins of the lateral areas are bordered with fringes of regularly spaced elongate setae that extend onto the medial area and are often peg-like. The lateral area is uniformly scaly. A dorsomedial cluster of short stiff setae generally borders the medial area dorsally. Several robust, often peg-like setae occur directly above this setal cluster. The medial area is generally covered with numerous sensillae. The mandibles are generally prominent, apically acute, and have a toothed inner margin in some species. The gular sutures are usually confluent posteriorly (in some species a small portion of the gula is visible posteriorly)and diverge anteriorly around the submentum.
