ABSTRACT
Definition .......................................................................................................................................... 64 Energy Need ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Digestive Energy ....................................................................................................................... 67 Basal Energy ............................................................................................................................. 68
Mitochondrial Structure and Function ................................................................................. 71 The Mitochondrial Genome ................................................................................................. 71 Respiration ........................................................................................................................... 74 Respiratory Chain ................................................................................................................ 74 ATP Synthesis ...................................................................................................................... 76 Uncoupling Proteins ............................................................................................................. 77 Metabolic Control: Oxidative Phosphorylation ................................................................... 80
Energy Retained ........................................................................................................................ 86 Energetic Efficiency .................................................................................................................. 87 Utilizable Energy ...................................................................................................................... 88 Thermogenesis .......................................................................................................................... 89
Abnormal Energy States .................................................................................................................. 91 Starvation and Undernutrition .................................................................................................. 91 Protein - Energy Malnutrition ................................................................................................ 93 Trauma and Energy Needs ....................................................................................................... 93 Obesity ..................................................................................................................................... 95
Genetics ................................................................................................................................ 96 Set Point Theory in Body Weight Regulation ................................................................... 10 1 Morbidity of Severely Obese People ................................................................................. } 02 Treatment of Obesity ......................................................................................................... 1 02
Drugs ............................................................................................................................. 103 Regulation of Food Intake ............................................................................................................. 1 05
Sensory Perception of Food ............................................................................................... 108 Appearance .................................................................................................................... 1 08 Texture ........................................................................................................................... 1 08 Smell (Olfaction) ........................................................................................................... 109 Taste (Gustation) ........................................................................................................... 113
Neuronal Signals for Hunger and Satiety .............................................................................. 119 Anorexia Nervosa ................................................................................................................... 124 Abnormal Appetite .................................................................................................................. 125
Supplemental Readings .................................................................................................................. 126
After water, the most important requirement t o sustain life is energy. It is expressed in heat units known as calories or joules. No other nutrient requirement can be met if the energy intake is insufficient to meet the body's needs.
