ABSTRACT
The purpose of this section is to show a few more examples of indirect cause, and to develop skills for computing parameters. The first example is shown in Figure 1. Here, x4 causes both x2 and x3, and only causes Xi through pathways that involve these two factors. x2 and x3 themselves cause Xi directly. The problem is to compute the causal effect of x4, but also to see how it is composed of the effects of various pathways.
