ABSTRACT
Traditional organizations are functionally specialized, e.g., marketing, engineering, purchasing, manufacturing. Conceptually, each function performs an activity essential in delivering value to the customer. In the past, these activities have performed sequentially. As shown in Figure II.l, Shewhart, Deming, and Juran all depict these activities as forming a circle or a spiral, where each cycle incorporates information and knowledge acquired during the previous cycle.
