< 0, the lower bound in (5.4.4) is defined to be zero. Similarly,

If Lm < 0, the lower bound in (5.4.4) is defined to be zero. Similarly, if U M < 0, the upper bound is defined to be zero. The interval in (5.4.4) is an extension of (4.3.2) and is generally conservative. Interval (5.4.4) simplifies to the Tukey-Williams interval discussed in Section 3.3.1 when KiJ = K.