ABSTRACT
To keep plant systems operating properly and efficiently, an under standing o f the basics o f hydraulics is needed-the laws o f force, motion, and others. As stated previously, most applications o f hydraulics in water/wastewater treatment systems involve water in motion-in pipes under pressure or in open channels under the force o f gravity. The vol ume of water flowing past any given point in the pipe or channel per unit time is called the flow rate or discharge-or just flow.
