ABSTRACT
CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed adductor hyomandibularis (Arius,
A ncharius, G enidens, C hrysichthys, Schilbe, Laides, Pseudeutropius, Siluranodon, Ailia, Pangasius, Helicophagus, Clarotes, Auchenoglanis, Liobagrus, Akysis, Parakysis, Amblyceps, Silurus, Wallago, Cranoglanis, P im elodus, C alophysus, Hypophthalmus, Pseudoplatystoma, Heptapterus, Goeldiella, Rhamdia, Microglanis, Ictalurus, Amiurus, Callichthys, Corydoras, Astroblepus, Scoloplax, Pseudopimelodus, Chaca, AustroglaniS
— ?: Since it was not possible to properly observe this character in the specimens examined (Akysis, Parakysis)
248. Insertion of adductor operculi on hyomandibulo-metapterygoid. The plesiomorphic siluriform condition is most probably that found in Diplomystes and the great majority of the other catfish in which, besides its insertion on the opercle, the adductor operculi, or a part differentiated from it (adductor hyomandibularis: see above), also inserts on the hyomandibulo-metapterygoid [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.66]. In catfish of CS-1 neither the adductor operculi nor a part differentiated from it insert on this latter bone [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.25]. — CS-0: Adductor operculi or part differentiated from it inserted on
hyomandibulo-metapterygoid (all genera not in other CS)
249. Absence of levator operculi (character inspired from Howes, 1983a). Contrary to the plesiomorphic situation found in other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.64], in the specimens of Loricaria studied the levator operculi is lacking [State 1]. — CS-0: Presence of levator operculi (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Absence of levator operculi (Loricaria)
250. Insertion of levator operculi on opercle (character inspired from Howes, 1983a; de Pinna, 1998). Contrary to all other catfish examined, in which the levator operculi does not insert on the lateral surface of the opercle [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.64], in Nematogenys and Heptapterus a significant part of this muscle inserts on the lateral surface of this bone [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.88]. — CS-0: Levator operculi not attaching on significant part of lateral
surface of opercle (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Levator operculi attaching on significant part of lateral surface
251. Origin of levator operculi. Plesiomorphically in catfish the levator operculi originates exclusively on the neurocranium (Diogo and Vandewalle, 2003) [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.64], but in siluriforms of CS-1 a great part of the fibres of this muscle also originate on the dorsolateral surface of the hyomandibulo-metapterygoid [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.88]. — CS-0: Levator operculi originating on neurocranium (all genera not
in other CS) — CS-1: Levator operculi originating not only on neurocranium, but
Contrary to the plesiomorphic situation found in other catfish examined
[State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.64], the trichomycterids studied have a muscle protractor operculi running from the posterolateral surface of the hyomandibulo-metapterygoid to the anterolateral surface of the opercle [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of protractor operculi (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of protractor operculi (Trichomycterus, Hatcheria)
253. Presence of protractor posttemporalis (character inspired from Mo, 1991). Contrary to the plesiomorphic configuration found in other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.64], bagrids analysed have a muscle protractor posttemporalis (sensu Diogo et al., 1999) running from the neurocranium to the posttemporo-supracleithrum [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.42]. — CS-0: Absence of protractor posttemporalis (all genera not in other
and Haddon, 1894). Contrary to plesiomorphic configuration found in other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.88], in siluriforms of CS-1 there is a well-developed protractor of the Mullerian process attached to, and provoking movement of, the anterolateral surface of the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra (= Mullerian process) [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.58]. — CS-0: Absence of protractor of Mullerian process (all genera not in
255. Differentiation of protractor of Mullerian process. Contrary to other catfish presenting a protractor of the Mullerian process [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.58], in Centromochlus this muscle is markedly subdivided into two welldeveloped, almost completely separated divisions [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.30]. — CS-0: Protractor of Mullerian process not markedly subdivided into
— Inapplicable: Since there is no protractor of Mullerian process (all genera not in other CS)
256. Origin of protractor of Mullerian process (character inspired from Taveme and Aloulou-Triki, 1974). Contrary to other catfish presenting a protractor of the Mullerian process [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.58], in Mochokus and Synodontis
this muscle does not originates on the posterior surface of the cephalic region, but instead on the region of the dorsal fin and its support [State 1]. — CS-0: Protractor of Mullerian originates on posterior surface of
— Inapplicable: Since there is no protractor of Mullerian process (all genera not in other CS)
257. Presence of muscle tensor tripodis (character inspired from Ladich, 2001). Contrary to the plesiomorphic configuration found in other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.88], in siluriforms of CS-1 a well-developed muscle 'tensor tripodis' (see terminology of Ladich, 2001) runs from the posterior surface of the neurocranium to the dorsal surface of the swim bladder near the tripus [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of muscle tensor tripodis (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of muscle tensor tripodis (Pim elodus,
258. Presence of drumming muscle of swim bladder (character inspired from Ladich, 2001). Contrary to the plesiomorphic configuration found in other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.88], in specimens of genera of CS-1 a welldeveloped 'drumming muscle' of the swim bladder runs from the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra and, eventually, from the posterior surface of the neurocranium to the anterior and anteroventral surfaces of the swim bladder [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.100]. — CS-0: Absence of drumming muscle of swim bladder (all genera
does not allow a direct m uscular connection between the neurocranium or the parapophysis of the fourth vertebra to the swim bladder (Hypophthalmus, Akysis, Parakysis, Amblyceps, Liobagrus, Erethistes, Hara, Gagata, Bagarius, Glyptostemon,
