(Erethistes,

Pectoral Girdle and Fins 143. Contact between dorsomedial surface of posttemporo-supracleithrum and

neurocranium. As pointed out in Diogo (2003b), in Paramphilius, contrary to all other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.67], there is almost no contact between the dorsomesial limb of the posttemporo-supracleithrum and the neurocranium [State 1]. — CS-0: Dorsomesial surface of posttemporo-supracleithrum loosely

or firmly attached to neurocranium (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Almost no contact between dorsomesial limb of posttemporo-

Chardon, 1968). Contrary to all other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.67], in the four genera of CS-1 the dorsomesial limb of the posttemporosupracleithrum is very thin and markedly extended mesially, its mesial

margin almost reaching the midline dorsal to the posterodorsal surface of the neurocranium [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.49]. — CS-0: Dorsomesial limb of posttem poro-supracleithrum not

markedly thin and mesially extended (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Dorsomesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum markedly

145. Anteroventrolateral process of posttemporo-supracleithrum (ordered multistate character). In the plesiom orphic condition, the posttem porosupracleithrum lacks major anterolateral processes [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.67] but in Leptoglanis and Zaireichthys, a well-developed, anteroventrolateral process of the posttemporo-supracleithrum pointed ventrally occurs which, however, is less developed in Leptoglanis [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.17] than in Zaireichthys [State 2: e.g. Fig. 3.13]. — CS-0: Absence of anteroventrolateral process of posttemporo-

supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of anteroventrolateral process of posttemporo-

more developed than in CS-1 (ZaireichthyS 146. Shape of posttemporo-supracleithrum. Usually in siluriform s the

posttemporo-supracleithrum, when seen in lateral view, has a somewhat rectangular, roughly oblique shape [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.63], but specimens of genera of CS-1 present a somewhat L-shaped posttemporosupracleithrum in lateral view, with the posteroventrolateral limb (see terminology of Diogo et al., 2001c) of this bone being markedly oriented posteriorly [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.17]. — CS-0: Posttemporo-supracleithrum not L-shaped in lateral view (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Posttemporo-supracleithrum somewhat L-shaped in lateral

147. Anterodorsal foramen of posttemporo-supracleithrum. In the plesiomorphic condition the posttemporo-supracleithrum lacks major foramen on its dorsal surface [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.67], but in specimens of the four genera of CS-1, this bone exhibits a well-developed foramen on its anterodorsal surface, near the posterior margin of the pterotic [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of anterodorsal foram en of posttem poro-

supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of anterodorsal foram en of posttem poro-

148. Transcapular process of posttemporo-supracleithrum (ordered multistate character) (character inspired from Chardon, 1968; de Pinna, 1996). Plesiomorphically catfish lack major posterodorsomesial processes attaching to the dorsolateral surface of the fourth parapophysis [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.89]. Specimens examined of genera of CS-1, however, present a well-developed posterior projection of the posterodorsomesial surface of the posttemporo-supracleithrum ('transcapular' process), which is loosely attached to the dorsolateral surface of the fourth parapophysis [State 1]. In siluriforms of CS-2 [State 2: e.g. Fig. 3.82], and particularly in Erethistes and Hara [State 3; e.g. Fig. 3.77], the transcapular process is markedly developed and firmly attached to the dorsolateral margin of the fourth parapophysis. — CS-0: Absence of w ell-developed transcapular process of

posttemporo-supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed transcapular process of

149. Anterolateral extension of posttemporo-supracleithrum. In the plesiomorphic condition the posttemporo-supracleithrum lacks major anterolateral extensions (Diogo et al., 2001c) [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.63], but in specimens examined of genera Genidens and Arius this bone exhibits a welldeveloped anterolateral extension, which is markedly extended anteriorly and surrounds a significant part of the lateral margin of the pterotic [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.20]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed anterolateral extension of

posttemporo-supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed anterolateral extension of

character) (character inspired from Chardon, 1968). Plesiomorphically in catfish the posttemporo-supracleithrum exhibits a well-developed, stout mesial limb attaching to the posteroventral surface of the neurocranium [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.59]. In catfish of CS-1, however, the mesial limb of this bone is a markedly thin, anteroposteriorly compressed structure [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.89]. A different situation is found in catfish of CS-2, in which the mesial limb of the posttemporo-supracleithrum is completely missing [State 2]. — CS-0: Mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum a well-developed,

stout structure (all genera not in other CS)

151. Ventral process of mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum. Contrary to other catfish [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.89], in specimens of the two genera of CS-2 examined, the mesial limb of this bone exhibits a well-developed, ventromesially pointed ventral process [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed ventral process of mesial limb of

posttemporo-supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed ventral process of mesial limb of

152. Connection between dorsal surface of cleithrum and posttemporo-supracleithrum (icharacter inspired from Schaefer, 1990). Contrary to other catfish examined, in which the dorsal surface of the cleithrum is lodged in a space delimited by both the posttemporo-supracleithrum and the anterior vertebrae, and thus is usually visible in a dorsal view of the cephalic region [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.25], in the loricariids and scoloplacids studied the dorsal portion of the cleithrum is completely lodged in a ventral concavity of the posttemporo-supracleithrum and hence is not visible in dorsal view [State 1]. — CS-0: Dorsal portion of cleithrum not lodged in ventral concavity of

posttemporo-supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Dorsal portion of cleithrum lodged in ventral concavity of

153. Posteroventrolateral bifurcation of posttemporo-supracleithrum. Plesiomorphically in catfish the posttemporo-supracleithnim exhibits a slight or well-developed bifurcation on its posteroventrolateral surface to receive the dorsal margin of the cleithrum (Diogo et al., 2001) [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.56]. However, this bifurcation is peculiarly developed in

catfish of CS-1, in which the excavation to receive the cleithrum almost extends to the anterior margin of the posttemporo-supracleithrum [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.28]. — CS-0: Bifurcation of posttemporo-supracleithrum for cleithrum not

peculiarly developed (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Bifurcation of posttemporo-supracleithrum for cleithrum

— Inapplicable: Since dorsal portion of cleithrum is peculiarly lodged in ventral concavity of posttemporo-supracleithrum (see below) (Loricaria, Hypoptopoma, Lithoxus, Scoloplajd

154. Posteroventromesial projection of mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum. As noted above, in the plesiomorphic condition the mesial limb of the posttemporo-supracleithrum lacks major ventral processes or projections [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.89] but in Synodontis the mesial limb of this bone exhibits a well-developed posteroventromesial projection, which is firmly connected with the posteroventral surface of the neurocranium [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed posteroventromesial projection of

mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS)

— CS-1: Presence of well-developed posteroventromesial projection of mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum (SynodontiS

155. Suture between mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum and neurocranium (character inspired from Chardon, 1968). Plesiomorphically in catfish the mesial limb of the posttemporo-supracleithrum is only connected to the neurocranium by a ligament [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.89]. In specimens examined of genera of CS-1, however, these structures are firmly sutured to each other [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.59]. — CS-0: Absence of suture between mesial limb of posttemporo-

supracleithrum and neurocranium (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of suture between mesial limb of posttemporo-

156. Connection between mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum and neurocranium (character inspired from Chardon, 1968). Contrary to the plesiomorphic condition found in other catfish examined, in which the mesial limb of the posttemporo-supracleithrum is mainly associated with the basioccipital [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.89], in Cetopsis and Hemicetopsis the mesial limb of the former bone is mainly connected to the exoccipital [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.47]. — CS-0: Mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum not mainly

associated with exoccipital (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum mainly associated

157. Posterior laminar projection of mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum. As mentioned above, in the plesiomorphic siluriform condition the mesial limb of the posttemporo-supracleithrum lacks major ventral processes or projections [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.89]. In catfish of CS-1, the mesial limb of this bone, however, exhibits a well-developed, large, posterior projection of laminar bone posteroventrally pointed, which is roughly triangular in ventral view [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.59]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed posterior laminar projection of

mesial limb of posttemporo-supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS)

158. Fusion between posttemporo-supracleithrum and pterotic (character inspired from Howes, 1983b). Contrary to all other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.63], in siluriforms of CS-1 the posttemporo-supracleithrum seemingly completely fused with the pterotic [State 1]. — CS-0: Posttemporo-supracleithrum not fused with pterotic (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Posttemporo-supracleithrum and pterotic seemingly fused into

159. Dorsal processes of cleithrum. Plesiomorphically catfish exhibit two welldeveloped dorsal processes of the cleithrum for articulation with the posttemporo-supracleithrum (Diogo et al., 2001c) [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], but in siluriforms of CS-1 the cleithrum exhibits only a well-developed dorsal process for articulation with this latter bone [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.7]. — CS-0: Presence of two well-developed dorsal processes of cleithrum

for articulation with posttemporo-supracleithrum (all genera not in other CS)

— CS-1: Presence of one single well-developed dorsal process of cleithrum for articulation w ith posttem poro-supracleithrum (Amphilius, Paramphilius, Cetopsis, Hemicetopsis, Helogenes, Aspredo, Doras, Acanthodoras, Anadoras, Malapterurus, Loricaria, Hypoptopoma, Lithoxus, Scoloplax, AstroblepuS

160. Ventrolateral foramen of cleithrum. Plesiomorphically catfish lack major foramens on the ventrolateral surface of the cleithrum [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72] but in specimens of Hypophthalmus examined, this bone exhibits a remarkably large, roundish ventrolateral foramen, which allows the dorsal condyle of the pectoral spine to be seen in a dorsal view of the pectoral girdle [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of large ventrolateral foramen of cleithrum (all genera

not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of large ventrolateral foramen of cleithrum

for siluriforms is that in which the dorsal processes of the cleithrum are essentially oriented posterodorsally [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72]. In Amphilius and Paramphilius, however, the single dorsal process of each cleithrum (see above) is essentially oriented anterodorsally, and not posterodorsally [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.7] — CS-0: Dorsal processes of cleithra essentially oriented posterodorsally

(all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Dorsal processes of cleithra essentially oriented anterodorsally

1991). Contrary to other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], in

siluriforms of CS-1 a well-developed cartilage lies between the two dorsal processes of the cleithrum [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed cartilage between dorsal processes

of cleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed cartilage between dorsal processes

163. Posterior projection of second dorsal process of cleithrum. Contrary to other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], in Chaca the second dorsal process of the cleithrum (see terminology of Diogo et al., 2001c) is remarkably developed, enlarged and posteriorly projected [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.50]. — CS-0: Second dorsal process of cleithrum not markedly developed

(all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Second dorsal process of cleithrum markedly developed

164. Ligamentous connection between humeral process of cleithrum and anterior vertebrae (unordered multistate character) (character inspired from de Pinna, 1996). As emphasised by de Pinna (1996), plesiomorphically catfish lack well-defined ligamentous connections between humeral process of cleithrum and anterior vertebrae [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.58]. In specimens examined of genera of CS-1, there is a ligament attaching posteriorly on either the parapophysis or rib of the sixth vertebra and anteriorly ending in soft tissue without actually reaching the humeral process of the cleithrum or any other bone [State 1]. In Akysis a well-defined ligament runs from the humeral process to the sixth vertebra and/or its rib [State 2]. In catfish of CS-3 a well-defined, strong ligament runs from humeral process to anterior vertebrae, but attaches posteriorly on the parapophysis of the fifth vertebra, rather than on the sixth vertebra or its rib [State 3: e.g. Fig. 3.25]. — CS-0: Absence of well-defined humero-vertebral ligament (all genera

not in other CS) — CS-1: Humero-vertebral ligament attaching posteriorly on sixth

165. Position of humeral process of cleithrum. Plesiomorphically in catfish dorsal surface of humeral process of cleithrum considerably ventral to dorsal processes of this bone [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], but in siluriforms of genera of CS-1 examined/ this process lies on posterodorsal surface of cleithrum, at about the same level of the dorsal processes [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.58] (see Diogo et al., 2001c; Diogo, 2003b). — CS-0: Humeral process considerably ventral to dorsal processes of

cleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Humeral process at about the same level as dorsal processes

166. Anterolateral process of cleithrum. Contrary to other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], siluriforms of CS-1 present a well-developed, anteriorly pointed anterolateral process of the cleithrum [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.53]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed anterolateral process of cleithrum

(all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed anterolateral process of cleithrum

other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], in siluriforms of CS-1 the cleithrum exhibits a well-developed anteromesial process [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.4], which is especially developed in Xyliphius [State 2]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed anteromesial process of cleithrum

(all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed anteromesial process of cleithrum

168. Anterodorsal laminar projection of cleithrum. Contrary to the other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], specimens analysed of genera of CS-1 present a markedly developed, anterodorsal laminar projection [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.101]. — CS-0: Absence of markedly developed anterodorsal laminar

projection of cleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of markedly developed anterolateral laminar

169. Posteroventral projection of cleithrum. Contrary to all other siluriforms examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], in the cetopsids studied the cleithrum exhibits a prominent posteroventral projection to receive the anterior surface of the coracoid bridge [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.45]. — CS-0: Absence of posteroventral projection of cleithrum (all genera

situation found in other catfish [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.71], in genera of CS-1 the dorsolateral portion of the cleithrum is markedly elongated anteroposteriorly [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.52]. — CS-0: Dorsolateral portion of cleithrum not markedly elongated

anteroposteriorly (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Dorsolateral portion of cleithrum markedly elongated

171. Anteroventromesial laminar projection of cleithrum. Contrary to other siluriforms examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], in the cetopsin cetopsids analysed the cleithrum exhibits a prominent anteroventromesial projection of laminar bone, which covers, in ventral view, the anterior parts of scapulo-coracoid, abductor superficialis 1 and arrector ventralis [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.45]. — CS-0: Absence of prominent anteroventromesial projection of laminar

bone of cleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of prominent anteroventromesial projection of

e.g. Fig. 3.70], Heteropneustes exhibits a large, markedly developed, posteroventral horizontal lamina covering the region of the coracoid

bridge, as well as almost all the muscle arrector ventralis, in ventral view [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.83]. — CS-0: Absence of large posteroventral lamina of cleithrum (all genera

not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of large posteroventral lamina of cleithrum

cleithrum meets its counterpart mesially by means of ligamentous tissue [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], but in the amphiliid and scoloplacid catfish examined, each cleithrum meets its counterpart medially in an interdigitation of several strong serrations [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.7]. — CS-0: Absence of interdigitation between cleithra (all genera not in

174. Ankylosis between cleithrum and scapulo-coracoid. As referred above, one of the main morphological differences between the plesiomorphic siluriform configuration of the scapulo-coracoid [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.45] and the derived configuration present in a great number of catfish, is a more pronounced ankylosis in the latter between anterior margin of scapulo-coracoid and posterior margin of cleithrum. Among the siluriforms examined, this derived configuration is present in catfish of CS-1 [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.56]. — CS-0: Absence of pronounced ankylosis between cleithrum and

— CS-1: Presence of pronounced ankylosis between cleithrum and scapulo-coracoid (all genera not in other CS)

175. Firm association between posterolateral processes of scapulo-coracoid and cleithrum (character inspired from Reis, 1998a). Contrary to all other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], in the callichthyids analysed the cleithrum exhibits a prominent posterolateral process, which is ankylosed posteriorly with an also prominent posterolateral process of the scapulocoracoid [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of firm connection between posterolateral processes

of scapulo-coracoid and cleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of firm connection between posterolateral processes

176. Dorsolateral foramen of cleithrum (Character inspired from Schaefer, 1990). Peculiarly in specimens of Scoloplax examined, and contrary to all other siluriforms studied [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], a large, somewhat circular foramen occurs on the dorsolateral surface of the cleithrum, ventral to the dorsal process of this bone [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of large dorsolateral foramen of cleithrum (all genera

not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of large dorsolateral foramen of cleithrum (Scolopla^d

177. Anteroventrolateral expansion of cleithrum. Plesiomorphically catfish lack major anterior processes of the cleithrum [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], but in Trachyglanis [State 1] there is a well-developed anteroventrolateral process of the cleithrum. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed anteroventrolateral expansion of

cleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed anteroventrolateral expansion of

from de Pinna, 1996). Contrary to all other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], in Glyptostemon [State 1] the dorsomesial surface of the cleithrum exhibits a well-developed, large mesial laminar expansion. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed mesial expansion of dorsomesial

surface of cleithrum (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed mesial expansion of dorsomesial

Hypoptopoma examined, and contrary to other catfish studied [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.72], a very large, circular foramen occurs on the dorsal surface of the cleithrum [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of large foramen on dorsal surface of cleithrum (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of large foramen on dorsal surface of cleithrum

coracoid is a slender structure with a thin median process, which does not suture with its counterpart medially (see, e.g., Diogo et al., 2001c) [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70]. In siluriforms of CS-1, the scapulo-coracoid is a well-developed structure visible in dorsal view and meeting its counterpart in a strong median interdigitation [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.56]. — CS-0: Absence of interdigitation between scapulo-coracoids

— CS-1: Presence of interdigitation between well-developed scapulocoracoids (all genera not in other CS)

181. Posterior process of scapulo-coracoid (ordered multistate character) (character inspired from Mo, 1991; de Pinna, 1996). Plesiomorphically catfish lack

major posterior processes of the scapulo-coracoid [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70]. In the catfish of CS-1, the scapulo-coracoid exhibits a well-developed posterior process [State 1], whose development is more pronounced in catfish of CS-2 [State 2: e.g. Fig. 3.121], and especially in genera of CS-3 [State 3: e.g. Fig. 3.1.15.2]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed posterior process of scapulo-

coracoid (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed posterior process of scapulo-

182. Posteroventromesial process of scapulo-coracoid (ordered multistate character). As noted above, plesiomorphically catfish lack major posterior processes of the scapulo-coracoid [State 0]. But in Belonoglanis, Trachyglanis and Andersonia there is a prominent posteroventromesial process of the scapulo-coracoid, which differs from the posterior process of this bone described above, and is less developed in Trachyglanis [State 1] than in Belonoglanis and Andersonia [State 2: e.g. Fig. 3.14]. — CS-0: Absence of well-developed posteroventromesial process of

scapulo-coracoid (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed posteroventromesial process of

Plesiomorphically in catfish the coracoid bridge is not significantly expanded posteroventrally [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70]. In catfish of CS-1 the coracoid bridge exhibits a well-developed posteroventral projection of laminar bone that covers a great part of the muscle arrector ventralis in ventral view [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.45], which is particularly well developed in genus Belonoglanis [State 2: e.g. Fig. 3.1.2.9]. — CS-0: Absence of posteroventral projection of coracoid bridge (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of well-developed posteroventral projection of

184. Foramen on posteroventrolateral surface of scapulo-coracoid. Contrary to other catfish examined, in which the scapulo-coracoid does not present a posteroventrolateral foramen [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], in Doumea the posteroventrolateral surface of this bone is pierced by a large, circular foramen [State 1]. — CS-O: Absence of posteroventrolateral foramen of scapulo-coracoid

(all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of posteroventrolateral foramen of scapulo-coracoid

from Mo, 1991). Plesiomorphically catfish present a mesocoracoid arch separated from, and well-distinguished from, the posterior surface of the main body of the scapulo-coracoid [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.71]. However, in catfish of CS-1 the mesocoracoid arch is reduced to a thin, laminar structure completely fused with the posterior surface of the main body of the scapulo-coracoid [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.21], with these two structures being completely indistinguishable from each other in siluriforms of CS-2 [State 2]. — CS-0: Mesocoracoid arch separated from main body of scapulo-

coracoid (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Mesocoracoid arch reduced to thin structure fused with main

186. Dorsal projection of mesocoracoid arch (character inspired from Mo, 1991). Contrary to other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.71], in Auchenoglanis the mesocoracoid arch exhibits a prominent dorsal projection, with its dorsal extremity extending dorsally to the main body of the scapulo-coracoid [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of dorsal projection of mesocoracoid arch (all genera

not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of dorsal projection of mesocoracoid arch

187. Dorsal bifurcation of mesocoracoid arch. Contrary to other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.71], in the two genera of CS-1 the mesocoracoid arch is markedly bifurcate dorsally [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.80]. — CS-0: Absence of dorsal bifurcation of mesocoracoid arch (all genera

not in other CS)

188. Shape of articulatory facet of scapulo-coracoid for pectoral spine (unordered multistate character). Plesiomorphically in siluriforms, the articulatory facet of the scapulo-coracoid for the pectoral spine (or first pectoral ray) is essentially elongated ventrodorsally (Diogo et al., 20001c) [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.71]. In Zaireichthys and Leptoglanis this articulatory facet is essentially elongated anteroposteriorly [State 1], while in catfish of CS-2 it is a highly modified structure with a markedly globular aspect [State 2: e.g. Fig. 3.7]. In catfish of CS-3 the facet has, in turn, a markedly concave aspect [State 3: e.g. Fig. 3.11]. — CS-0: Articulatory facet essentially elongated ventrodorsally (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Articulatory facet essentially elongated anteroposteriorly

189. Marked elongation of articulatory facet of scapulo-coracoid for pectoral spine. As described above, the articulatory facet of the scapulo-coracoid for the pectoral spine may present different configurations [State 0: see description above]; however, a markedly elongated, thin articulatory facet is uniquely present among the catfish studied, in the doradid and auchenipterid specimens [State 1]. — CS-0: Articulatory facet not markedly elongated (all genera not in

other CS) — CS-1: Articulatory facet being a markedly elongated, thin structure

190. Markedly enlarged mesocoracoid arch. Contrary to the plesiomorphic situation found in other catfish, in which the mesocoracoid arch is a thin structure [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.71], in siluriforms of CS-1 the mesocoracoid arch is markedly expanded transversally [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.11]. — CS-0: Mesocoracoid arch not markedly expanded transversally (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Mesocoracoid arch m arkedly expanded transversally

191. Shape of mesocoracoid arch (character inspired from Oliveira et al., 2001). Plesiomorphically in catfish the mesocoracoid arch has a roughly tubular shape in posterior view [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.71], but in catfish of CS-1 the mesocoracoid arch is a uniqually shaped, somewhat triangular, mesially pointed structure [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.84]. — CS-0: Mesocoracoid arch roughly tubular in posterior view (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Mesocoracoid arch with somewhat triangular shape in

192. Absence of coracoid bridge. Plesiomorphically siluriforms present a coracoid bridge [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70] but in specimens examined of genera of CS-1, however, there is no distinct coracoid bridge [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.94]. — CS-0: Presence of coracoid bridge (all genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Absence of distinct coracoid bridge (Paramphilius,

— ?: Since it was not possible to appraise this character due to the very peculiar configuration of the pectoral girdle (see above) (Heteropneustes)

193. Presence of two bridges connecting ventral surfaces of scapulo-coracoid and cleithrum. As seen above, catfish may/may not present a coracoid bridge (see above) [State 0: see descriptions above]. However, the specimens studied of Erethistes, Hara and Loricaria are unique in exhibiting two distinct, well-developed bridges connecting the anteroventral surface of the scapulo-coracoid to the ventral surface of the cleithrum [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.78]. — CS-0: Absence of two well-developed bridges connecting ventral

surfaces of scapulo-coracoid and cleithrum (all genera not in other CS)

— ?: Since it was not possible to appraise this character due to the very peculiar configuration of the pectoral girdle (see above) (Heteropneustes)

194. Coracoid bridge markedly enlarged transversally. Contrary to the plesiomorphic siluriform configuration, in which the coracoid bridge is not significantly enlarged transversally (Diogo et al., 2001c) [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], catfish of CS-1 present a markedly enlarged coracoid bridge [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.101]. — CS-0: Coracoid bridge not markedly enlarged transversally (all

genera not in other CS) — CS-1: Coracoid bridge m arkedly enlarged transversally

— ?: Since it was not possible to appraise this character due to the very peculiar configuration of the pectoral girdle (see above) (Heteropneustes)

195. Foramen situated posterior to coracoid bridge. Contrary to all other catfish examined [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], in specimens of Silurus there is a welldeveloped foramen on the scapulo-coracoid posterior to the coracoid bridge [State 1]. — CS-0: Absence of foramen posterior to coracoid bridge (all genera

not in other CS) — CS-1: Presence of foramen posterior to coracoid bridge (Silurus) — ?: Since it was not possible to appraise this character due to the very

196. Obtusion of tunnel delimited by coracoid bridge. Contrary to all other catfish examined, in which the coracoid bridge, as indicated by its name, encloses a wide tunnel for the passage of the ventral division of the arrector dorsalis [State 0: e.g. Fig. 3.70], in specimens of Clarias and Heterobranchus the tunnel delimited by this bridge is completely obtuse [State 1: e.g. Fig. 3.53]. — CS-0: Tunnel delimited by coracoid bridge not obtused (all genera

not in other CS) — CS-1: Tunnel delimited by coracoid bridge completely obtuse