ABSTRACT
Hydrodynamic modelling of lakes, also called physical limnology, deals with methods not unlike those of oceanography and meteorology but largely concentrates on the responses of closed basins to applied forces and to exchanges of heat. Despite substantial advances the measurement, interpretation and mathematical modelling of these responses still en counters difficulties because of the imperfect understanding of the fun damental mechanisms of force application, turbulent evolution of the flow and the complex interaction and exchange of mechanical and thermal energy.
