ABSTRACT
Mining, and associated mineral processing and beneficiation have a notable impact on the environment. Such impacts depend on many factors, especially the type of mining and the size of the operation. Mining leads to land being disturbed and hydrogeological conditions are affected. In the past, the mining industry frequently showed a lack of concern for the environment. In particular, the disposal of waste led to unsightly spoils being left to disfigure the landscape, and to surface streams and groundwater being polluted. Some urban areas suffered subsidence damage due to undermining. In addition, some of the worst environmental dereliction has been associated with past mineral workings, mining activities and associated industries (Fig. 9.1).
