ABSTRACT

Due to the uncertainties regarding the rock mass and the supporting system characteristics that are included in the described design process, it is necessary, especially for demanding geotechnical structures, to use additional methods in order to secure the structure stability. The interactive design for deep excavations is applied throughout excavation and construction of the support system and includes extensive monitoring. According to the suggested procedures, a new design of the excavation and/or the application of additional support measures are required when instability of the excavation, or insufficient stability, is detected during construction. If additional support measures are necessary, they usually consist of modifications or optimization of the design support system.