ABSTRACT
These occurrences can be avoided by excluding microorganisms entirely from processes and products or by controlling the growth and activities of existent microorganisms. Cleanroom and other contamination control techniques have made significant progress in reducing microorganisms from sensitive products such as pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Heat, cold, radiation, and filtration are examples of physical methods of controlling microorganisms, while the use of disinfectants, antiseptics, preservatives, and sterilants represents chemical means. In this chapter we will explore these methods, but first we must deal with a few key definitions.
