ABSTRACT
Mathematical models of underwater acoustic propagation include both numerical models and empirical models. Chapter 4 addressed the theoretical development of numerical models and summarized their availability. This chapter addresses the development of empirical models applicable to special propagation paths such as surface ducts, shallow water and Arctic half-channels. Where appropriate, comparisons are made with predictions generated by numericalmodels. Data support requirements formathematical models of propagation are discussed and a select number of special applications are described in order to highlight promising areas for future research and development.
