ABSTRACT
Plane horizontal, width ne 0.1 m 0.10 6.32 2.96 2.28 m 11.55 0.1-0.20 m 0.18 11.37 5.32 2.47 m 19.16 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 5.67 m2 43.09 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 5.67 m2 43.09 exceeding 1.22 m 0.38 29.33 6.22 5.67 m2 41.22
Plane sloping, width ne 0.1 m 0.11 6.95 3.25 2.28 m 12.48 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 2.47 m 21.02 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.43 33.19 7.07 7.95 m2 48.21 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.43 33.19 7.07 7.95 m2 48.21 exceeding 1.22 m 0.38 29.33 6.22 7.95 m2 43.50
Plane battered, width ne 0.1 m 0.12 7.58 3.55 4.34 m 15.46 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 4.53 m 23.07 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.43 33.19 7.17 10.58 m2 50.94 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.43 33.19 7.17 10.58 m2 50.94 exceeding 1.22 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 10.58 m2 47.99
Plane vertical, width ne 0.1 m 0.12 7.58 3.55 3.64 m 14.76 0.1-0.20 m 0.19 12.00 5.62 3.83 m 21.45 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.70 54.02 11.46 8.74 m2 74.22 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.51 39.36 8.22 8.74 m2 56.32 exceeding 1.22 m 0.47 36.27 7.83 8.74 m2 52.84
Curved to one radius in one plane, 0.5 m radius, width ne 0.1 m 0.19 12.00 5.62 4.77 m 22.40 0.1-0.20 m 0.25 15.79 7.39 4.97 m 28.15 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.90 69.46 14.73 9.88 m2 94.07 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.72 55.57 11.78 9.88 m2 77.23 exceeding 1.22 m 0.65 50.17 10.51 9.88 m2 70.55
Curved to one radius in one plane, 2 m radius, width ne 0.1 m 0.18 11.37 5.32 4.77 m 21.46 0.1-0.20 m 0.22 13.90 6.50 4.97 m 25.37 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.84 64.83 13.75 9.88 m2 88.45 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.66 50.94 10.80 9.88 m2 71.62 exceeding 1.22 m 0.52 40.13 8.51 9.88 m2 58.52
For voids small void; depth ne 0.5 m 0.07 4.42 - 2.84 nr 7.26 small void; depth 0.5 - 1.0 m 0.12 7.58 - 5.47 nr 13.05 small void; depth ne 1.0 - 2.0 m 0.16 10.11 - 10.11 nr 20.22 large void; depth ne 0.5 m 0.14 8.84 - 8.47 nr 17.32 large void; depth 0.5 - 1.0 m 0.33 20.84 - 17.40 nr 38.25 large void; depth 1.0 - 2.0 m 0.58 36.64 - 35.13 nr 71.77
For concrete components of constant cross-section beams; 200 x 200 mm 0.48 30.32 14.19 4.13 m 48.63 beams; 500 x 500 mm 0.55 34.74 16.26 8.38 m 59.38 beams; 500 x 800 mm 0.67 42.32 19.81 9.45 m 71.58 columns; 200 x 200 mm 0.55 34.74 16.26 6.09 m 57.09 columns; 300 x 300 mm 0.55 34.74 16.26 8.19 m 59.19 columns; 300 x 500 mm 0.62 39.16 18.33 9.29 m 66.78 to walls; 1.0 m high thickness 250 mm 1.10 84.90 18.00 10.61 m 113.51 to walls; 1.5 m high thickness 300 mm 1.50 115.77 24.55 14.76 m 155.08 box culvert; 2 x 2 m internally and wall thickness 300 mm 4.50 347.30 73.64 106.94 m 527.89 projections (100 mm deep) 0.10 6.32 2.96 2.11 m 11.38 intrusions (100 mm deep) 0.10 6.32 2.96 2.11 m 11.38
Item Gang Labour Plant Material Unit Total hours £ £ £ rate £
FORMWORK; ROUGH FINISH - cont'd
Allowance for additional craneage and rub up where required ADD to items measures linear 0.04 2.53 1.18 0.03 m 3.74 ADD to items measures m2 0.12 7.58 3.55 0.11 m2 11.23
FORMWORK; FAIR FINISH
Plane horizontal, width ne 0.1 m 0.10 6.32 2.96 3.36 m 12.63 0.1-0.20 m 0.18 11.37 5.32 3.60 m 20.29 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 10.26 m2 47.68 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 10.26 m2 47.68 exceeding 1.22 m 0.38 29.33 6.22 10.26 m2 45.81
Plane sloping, width ne 0.1 m 0.11 6.95 3.25 3.36 m 13.56 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 3.27 3.60 m 19.50 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.43 33.19 22.45 16.67 m2 72.31 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.43 33.19 22.45 16.67 m2 72.31 exceeding 1.22 m 0.38 29.33 6.22 16.67 m2 52.22
Plane battered, width ne 0.1 m 0.12 7.58 3.55 6.45 m 17.57 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 6.69 m 25.23 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.43 33.19 7.04 21.36 m2 61.59 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.43 33.19 7.04 21.36 m2 61.59 exceeding 1.22 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 21.36 m2 58.78
Plane vertical, width ne 0.1 m 0.12 7.58 3.55 5.75 m 16.87 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 5.99 m 24.53 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.72 55.57 11.78 17.46 m2 84.81 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.53 40.90 8.68 17.46 m2 67.04 exceeding 1.22 m 0.48 37.05 7.86 17.46 m2 62.36
Curved to one radius in one plane, 0.5 m radius, width ne 0.1 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 8.95 m 27.50 0.1-0.20 m 0.25 15.79 7.39 9.19 m 32.38 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.90 69.46 14.73 20.66 m2 104.85 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.72 55.57 11.78 20.66 m2 88.01 exceeding 1.22 m 0.65 50.17 10.64 20.66 m2 81.47
Curved to one radius in one plane, 2.0 m radius, width ne 0.1 m 0.18 11.37 5.32 8.95 m 25.64 0.1-0.20 m 0.22 13.90 6.50 9.19 m 29.59 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.84 64.83 13.75 20.66 m2 99.24 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.66 50.94 10.80 20.66 m2 82.40 exceeding 1.22 m 0.52 40.13 8.51 20.66 m2 69.30
For voids, using void former small void; depth ne 0.5 m 0.07 4.42 - 3.61 nr 8.03 small void; depth 0.5 - 1.0 m 0.12 7.58 - 6.87 nr 14.45 small void; depth ne 1.0 - 2.0 m 0.16 10.11 - 13.11 nr 23.22 large void; depth ne 0.5 m 0.14 8.84 - 7.55 nr 16.40 large void; depth 0.5 - 1.0 m 0.33 20.84 - 15.71 nr 36.55 large void; depth 1.0 - 2.0 m 0.58 36.64 - 28.22 nr 64.86
Item Gang Labour Plant Material Unit Total hours £ £ £ rate £
For concrete components of constant cross-section beams; 200 x 200 mm 0.49 30.95 14.49 8.53 m 53.97 beams; 500 x 500 mm 0.57 36.00 16.85 14.63 m 67.49 beams; 500 x 800 mm 0.69 43.58 20.40 18.53 m 82.52 columns; 200 x 200 mm 0.57 36.00 16.85 10.58 m 63.44 columns; 300 x 300 mm 0.57 36.00 16.85 14.72 m 67.58 columns; 300 x 500 mm 0.64 40.43 18.92 17.25 m 76.60 to walls; 1.0 m high thickness 250 mm 1.20 92.61 19.64 19.79 m 132.04 to walls; 1.5 m high thickness 300 mm 1.60 123.49 26.18 28.53 m 178.20 box culvert; 2 x 2 m internally and wall thickness 300 mm 4.60 355.02 75.28 215.07 m 645.37 projections (100 mm deep) 0.10 6.32 2.96 4.40 m 13.67 intrusions (100 mm deep) 0.10 6.32 2.96 4.40 m 13.67
Allowance for additional craneage and rub up where required ADD to items measures linear 0.14 8.84 4.14 0.04 m 13.02 ADD to items measures m2 0.12 7.58 3.55 0.14 m2 11.26
FORMWORK; EXTRA SMOOTH FINISH
Plane horizontal, width ne 0.1 m 0.10 6.32 2.96 3.49 m 12.76 0.1-0.20 m 0.18 11.37 5.32 3.84 m 20.54 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 11.52 m2 48.94 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 11.52 m2 48.94 exceeding 1.22 m 0.38 29.33 6.21 11.52 m2 47.06
Plane sloping, width ne 0.1 m 0.11 6.95 3.25 3.49 m 13.69 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 3.84 m 22.39 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.43 33.19 7.07 17.93 m2 58.18 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.43 33.19 7.07 17.93 m2 58.18 exceeding 1.22 m 0.38 29.33 6.22 17.93 m2 53.48
Plane battered, width ne 0.1 m 0.12 7.58 3.55 6.58 m 17.71 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 6.93 m 25.48 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.43 33.19 7.07 22.62 m2 62.87 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.43 33.19 7.07 22.62 m2 62.87 exceeding 1.22 m 0.40 30.87 6.55 22.62 m2 60.04
Plane vertical, width ne 0.1 m 0.12 9.26 3.55 5.88 m 18.69 0.1-0.20 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 6.23 m 24.78 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.74 57.11 12.11 18.72 m2 87.94 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.53 40.90 8.70 18.72 m2 68.32 exceeding 1.22 m 0.48 37.05 7.86 18.72 m2 63.62
Curved to one radius in one plane, 0.5 m radius, width ne 0.1 m 0.20 12.63 5.91 9.08 m 27.63 0.1-0.20 m 0.25 15.79 7.39 6.23 m 29.41 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.90 69.46 14.73 21.92 m2 106.11 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.72 55.57 11.78 21.92 m2 89.27 exceeding 1.22 m 0.65 50.17 10.67 21.92 m2 82.75
Curved to one radius in one plane, 1.0 m radius, width ne 0.1 m 0.18 11.37 5.32 9.08 m 25.77 0.1-0.20 m 0.22 13.90 6.50 6.23 m 26.63 0.2 - 0.40 m 0.84 64.83 24.30 21.92 m2 111.05 0.4 - 1.22 m 0.66 50.94 10.80 21.92 m2 83.66 exceeding 1.22 m 0.52 40.13 8.51 21.92 m2 70.56
Item Gang Labour Plant Material Unit Total hours £ £ £ rate £
FORMWORK; EXTRA SMOOTH FINISH - cont'd
For voids, using void former small void; depth ne 0.5 m 0.07 4.42 - 6.07 nr 10.49 small void; depth 0.5 - 1.0 m 0.12 7.58 - 11.73 nr 19.31 small void; depth ne 1.0 - 2.0 m 0.16 10.11 - 22.27 nr 32.37 large void; depth ne 0.5 m 0.14 8.84 - 13.30 nr 22.14 large void; depth 0.5 - 1.0 m 0.33 20.84 - 26.07 nr 46.92 large void; depth 1.0 - 2.0 m 0.58 36.64 - 46.21 nr 82.85
For concrete components of constant cross-section beams; 200 x 200 mm 0.50 31.58 14.78 9.29 m 55.65 beams; 500 x 500 mm 0.57 36.00 9.31 16.52 m 61.83 beams; 500 x 800 mm 0.69 43.58 11.32 20.80 m 75.71 columns; 200 x 200 mm 0.57 36.00 9.31 11.59 m 56.90 columns; 300 x 300 mm 0.57 36.00 9.31 16.23 m 61.54 columns; 300 x 500 mm 0.64 40.43 10.47 19.27 m 70.17 to walls; 1.0 m high thickness 250 mm 1.20 92.61 19.64 22.31 m 134.56 to walls; 1.5 m high thickness 300 mm 1.60 123.49 26.18 32.30 m 181.97 box culvert; 2 x 2 m internally and wall thickness 300 mm 4.60 355.02 75.28 228.44 m 658.74 projections (100 mm deep) 0.10 6.32 2.96 4.65 m 13.92 intrusions (100 mm deep) 0.10 6.32 2.96 4.65 m 13.92
Allowance for additional craneage and rub up where required ADD to items measures linear 0.14 8.84 4.14 0.04 m 13.02 ADD to items measures m2 0.12 7.58 3.55 0.17 m2 11.30
REINFORCEMENT
Plain round mild steel bars to BS 4449 Bars; supplied in straight lengths 6 mm nominal size 8.00 924.57 174.59 494.90 t 1594.07 8 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 494.90 t 1420.95 10 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 489.85 t 1415.90 12 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 479.75 t 1405.80 16 mm nominal size 6.15 710.77 134.23 474.70 t 1319.69 20 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 474.70 t 1084.74 25 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 474.70 t 1084.74 32 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 479.75 t 1089.79 40 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 484.80 t 1094.84
Bars; supplied in bent and cut lengths 6 mm nominal size 8.00 924.57 174.59 535.30 t 1634.47 8 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 535.30 t 1461.35 10 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 530.25 t 1456.30 12 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 520.15 t 1446.20 16 mm nominal size 6.15 710.77 134.23 515.10 t 1360.09 20 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 515.10 t 1125.14 25 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 515.10 t 1125.14 32 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 520.15 t 1130.19 40 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 525.20 t 1135.24
Item Gang Labour Plant Material Unit Total hours £ £ £ rate £
Deformed high yield steel bars to BS 4449 Bars; supplied in straight lengths 6 mm nominal size 8.00 924.57 174.59 515.10 t 1614.27 8 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 515.10 t 1441.15 10 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 510.05 t 1436.10 12 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 499.95 t 1426.00 16 mm nominal size 6.15 710.77 134.23 494.90 t 1339.89 20 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 494.90 t 1104.94 25 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 494.90 t 1104.94 32 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 499.95 t 1109.99 40 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 505.00 t 1115.04
Bars; supplied in bent and cut lengths 6 mm nominal size 8.00 924.57 174.59 555.50 t 1654.67 8 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 550.45 t 1476.50 10 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 550.45 t 1476.50 12 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 540.35 t 1466.40 16 mm nominal size 6.15 710.77 134.23 535.30 t 1380.29 20 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 535.30 t 1145.34 25 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 535.30 t 1145.34 32 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 540.35 t 1150.39 40 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 545.40 t 1155.44
Stainless steel bars Bars; supplied in straight lengths 8 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 3250.00 t 4176.05 10 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 3700.00 t 4626.05 12 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 3250.00 t 4176.05 16 mm nominal size 6.15 710.77 134.23 3200.00 t 4044.99 20 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 3100.00 t 3710.04 25 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 3000.00 t 3610.04 32 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 3000.00 t 3610.04
Bars; supplied in bent and cut lengths 8 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 3350.00 t 4276.05 10 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 3800.00 t 4726.05 12 mm nominal size 6.74 778.95 147.09 3350.00 t 4276.05 16 mm nominal size 6.15 710.77 134.23 3300.00 t 4144.99 20 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 3200.00 t 3810.04 25 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 3100.00 t 3710.04 32 mm nominal size 4.44 513.14 96.90 3100.00 t 3710.04
Additional allowances to bar reinforcement Add to the above bars 12-15 m long; mild steel to BS 4449 - - - 25.00 t - 12-15 m long; high yield steel to BS 4449 - - - 18.00 t - Over 15 m long, per 500 mm increment; mild steel to BS 4449 - - - 10.00 t - Over 15 m long, per 500 mm increment; high yield steel to BS 4449 - - - 4.00 t -
Add for cutting, bending, tagging and baling reinforcement on site 6 mm nominal size 4.87 179.39 106.29 1.50 t 287.18 8 mm nominal size 4.58 168.70 99.95 1.50 t 270.16 10 mm nominal size 3.42 125.98 74.64 1.50 t 202.11 12 mm nominal size 2.55 93.93 55.66 1.50 t 151.09 16 mm nominal size 2.03 74.78 44.31 1.50 t 120.59 20 mm nominal size 1.68 61.88 36.66 1.50 t 100.05 25 mm nominal size 1.68 61.88 36.66 1.50 t 100.05 32 mm nominal size 1.39 51.20 30.34 1.50 t 83.04 40 mm nominal size 1.39 51.20 30.34 1.50 t 83.04
Item Gang Labour Plant Material Unit Total hours £ £ £ rate £
REINFORCEMENT - cont'd
Special joints Lenton type A couplers; threaded ends on reinforcing bars 12 mm 0.09 10.40 - 11.34 nr 21.74 16 mm 0.09 10.40 - 13.08 nr 23.48 20 mm 0.09 10.40 - 18.70 nr 29.11 25 mm 0.09 10.40 - 25.43 nr 35.84 32 mm 0.09 10.40 - 35.00 nr 45.40 40 mm 0.09 10.40 - 48.35 nr 58.75
Lenton type B couplers; threaded ends on reinforcing bars 12 mm 0.09 10.40 - 32.79 nr 43.19 16 mm 0.09 10.40 - 37.54 nr 47.94 20 mm 0.09 10.40 - 41.60 nr 52.01 25 mm 0.09 10.40 - 48.04 nr 58.44 32 mm 0.09 10.40 - 64.95 nr 75.35 40 mm 0.09 10.40 - 95.32 nr 105.72
Steel fabric to BS 4483 Fabric nominal mass 0.77 kg/m2; ref D49 0.02 2.31 0.44 1.90 m2 4.65 nominal mass 1.54 kg/m2; ref D98 0.02 2.31 0.44 1.90 m2 4.65 nominal mass 1.54 kg/m2; ref A98 0.03 3.47 0.66 1.74 m2 5.87 nominal mass 2.22 kg/m2; ref A142 0.03 3.47 0.66 1.79 m2 5.92 nominal mass 2.61 kg/m2; ref C283 0.03 3.47 0.66 2.13 m2 6.26 nominal mass 3.02 kg/m2; ref A193 0.04 4.62 0.87 2.45 m2 7.95 nominal mass 3.05 kg/m2; ref B196 0.04 4.62 0.87 2.47 m2 7.97 nominal mass 3.41 kg/m2; ref C385 0.04 4.62 0.87 2.78 m2 8.28 nominal mass 3.73 kg/m2; ref B283 0.04 4.62 0.87 3.05 m2 8.54 nominal mass 3.95 kg/m2; ref A252 0.04 4.62 0.87 3.19 m2 8.68 nominal mass 4.34 kg/m2; ref C503 0.05 5.78 1.10 3.53 m2 10.41 nominal mass 4.35 kg/m2; ref B385 0.05 5.78 1.10 3.67 m2 10.55 nominal mass 5.55 kg/m2; ref C636 0.05 5.78 1.10 4.52 m2 11.40 nominal mass 5.93 kg/m2; ref B503 0.05 5.78 1.10 4.82 m2 11.70 nominal mass 6.16 kg/m2; ref A393 0.07 8.09 1.54 4.99 m2 14.62 nominal mass 6.72 kg/m2; ref C785 0.07 8.09 1.54 5.42 m2 15.04 nominal mass 8.14 kg/m2; ref B785 0.08 9.25 1.75 6.59 m2 17.58 nominal mass 10.90 kg/m2; ref B1131 0.09 10.40 1.97 8.83 m2 21.21
RESOURCES - LABOUR
Misc
Formwork gang - small areas 1 foreman joiner (craftsman) 22.32 1 joiner (craftsman) 19.15 1 unskilled operative (general) 12.44 1 plant operator (craftsman) - 50% of time 10.34 Total Gang Rate / Hour £ 64.25
Formwork gang - large areas 1 foreman joiner (craftsman) 22.32 2 joiners (craftsman) 38.30 1 unskilled operative (general) 12.44 1 plant operator (craftsman) - 25% of time 5.17 Total Gang Rate / Hour £ 78.23
Item Gang Labour Plant Material Unit Total hours £ £ £ rate £
Reinforcement gang 1 foreman steel fixer (craftsman) 22.32 4 steel fixers (craftsman) 76.60 1 unskilled operative (general) 12.44 1 plant operator (craftsman) - 25% of time 5.17 Total Gang Rate / Hour £ 116.53
Reinforcement - on-site bending/baling gang 1 steel fixer (craftsman) 19.15 1 unskilled operative (general) 12.44 1 plant operator (craftsman) - 25% of time 5.17 Total Gang Rate / Hour £ 36.76
Joints gang 1 ganger/chargehand (skill rate 4) 13.32 1 skilled operative (skill rate 4) 13.32 1 unskilled operative (general) 12.44 Total Gang Rate / Hour £ 39.08
Concrete accessories gang 1 ganger/chargehand (skill rate 4) 13.32 1 skilled operative (skill rate 4) 13.32 1 unskilled operative (general) 12.44 Total Gang Rate / Hour £ 39.08
RESOURCES - PLANT
Misc
Formwork - small areas 20t crawler crane - 50% of time 26.39 22" diameter saw bench 2.08 allowance for small power tools 1.09 Total Rate / Hour £ 29.56
Formwork - large areas 20t crawler crane - 25% of time 13.19 22" diameter saw bench 2.08 allowance for small power tools 1.09 Total Rate / Hour £ 16.37
Reinforcement 30 t crawler crane - 25% of time 15.78 bar cropper 4.17 small power tools 0.84 support acrows, tirfors, kentledge, etc. 1.03 Total Rate / Hour £ 21.82
Item Gang Labour Plant Material Unit Total hours £ £ £ rate £
RESOURCES - MATERIALS
Formwork Formwork materials include for shutter, bracing, ties, support, kentledge and all consumables. The following unit costs do not include for formwork outside the payline and are based on an optimum of a minimum 8 uses with 10% per use towards the cost of repairs / replacement of components damaged during disassembly ADD to formwork material costs generally depending on the number of uses :
Nr of uses % Addition % Waste 1 + 90 to 170 +7 2 + 50 to 80 +7 3 + 15 to 30 +6 6 + 5 to 10 +6 8 No change +5 10 - 5 to 7 +5
Reinforcement Reinforcement materials include for bars, tying wire, spacers, couplers and steel supports for bottom layer reinforcement (stools, chairs and risers).
