ABSTRACT
Nanoproducts administered via the buccal route and ingestion are extensively utilized as nanomedicines, nanofoods, nanonutriceuticals, and nanodevices for food packaging. The buccal tissue and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract routinely undergo interactions with nanoscale substances through the process of food absorption. Food contents are mixed, crushed, degraded, and reduced to micro-or nanosized particles and low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds in the oral cavity and are then directly absorbed by the buccal tissue. Physically degraded food contents are also chemically degraded by enzymes and microora in the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, followed by further reduction to micro-/nanosized particles and LMW compounds and absorption via the GI tract.
