ABSTRACT
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 372 27.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 372 27.2 Generation and Scavenger of ROS ....................................................................................... 372
27.2.1 Reactive Oxygen Species .......................................................................................... 372 27.2.1.1 Source of ROS and Their Scavengers ........................................................ 373
27.3 Reactive Oxygen Species in Normal Cellular Processes ...................................................... 374 27.3.1 ROS in Immune Function ......................................................................................... 375 27.3.2 ROS in Thyroid Function ......................................................................................... 375 27.3.3 ROS in Skeletal Muscle ............................................................................................ 375 27.3.4 ROS in Signal Transduction ..................................................................................... 375
27.3.4.1 Hydrogen Peroxide and NO· in Guanylate Cyclase Activation ................. 376 27.3.4.2 NO-Mediated Activation of the GTP-Binding Protein p21 Ras and
Protein Kinase Cascades............................................................................ 376 27.3.4.3 Redox Regulation of Cell Adhesion........................................................... 376 27.3.4.4 ROS Production by Cyclooxygenase ......................................................... 377
27.4 Uncontrolled Generation of ROS and Its Adverse Effects ................................................... 377 27.4.1 ROS and Mitochondrial Dysfunction ....................................................................... 377 27.4.2 ROS and Apoptosis ................................................................................................... 377 27.4.3 ROS and Lipid Peroxidation ..................................................................................... 378 27.4.4 ROS and Protein Oxidation ...................................................................................... 379 27.4.5 ROS and DNA Damage ............................................................................................ 379 27.4.6 ROS and Environmental Agents ............................................................................... 379 27.4.7 ROS and Autophagy .................................................................................................380 27.4.8 Stem Cell Disorder and ROS ....................................................................................380
27.5 ROS-Mediated Biomarkers...................................................................................................380 27.6 Antioxidant Therapy for SLE ............................................................................................... 382 27.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................384 References ......................................................................................................................................384
