ABSTRACT
I. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................220 II. Scattering Methods ............................................................................................................... 221
A. Basics of X-Ray Scattering ........................................................................................... 221 B. Powder X-Ray Diffraction ............................................................................................ 222
1. Sample Preparation ................................................................................................225 2. WAXS Example .....................................................................................................226 3. SAXS Example....................................................................................................... 227
C. Ultra-Small Angle X-Ray Scattering ........................................................................... 229 III. Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ......................................................... 231
A. Basic Principles ............................................................................................................ 231 B. Free Induction Decay ...................................................................................................234 C. Inversion Recovery: T1 ................................................................................................. 235 D. Spin Echo: T2 ................................................................................................................ 235 E. The Minispec Bruker Instrument ................................................................................. 237 F. Solid Fat Content .......................................................................................................... 238
1. Direct Method ........................................................................................................ 238 2. Indirect Method ...................................................................................................... 239
G. Sample Condition and Amount ....................................................................................240 H. SFC Measurement: Application ................................................................................... 241 I. T2 Relaxation for Peanut Oil with 1% Candelilla Wax ................................................ 243
IV. Calorimetry ...........................................................................................................................244 A. Principles of the Technique ..........................................................................................244 B. Measuring Cell .............................................................................................................245 C. DSC Instruments ..........................................................................................................245 D. Heat Flow .....................................................................................................................246 E. Measuring the Thermal Properties of Fats ..................................................................248 F. Rate of Melting/Crystallization ....................................................................................249 G. Polymorphic Transformation .......................................................................................249
