ABSTRACT
This principle is so perfectly general that no particular application of it is possible.
–George Pólya (How to Solve It, 1945)
Urn schemes are simple, yet quite versatile mathematical tools for modeling evo-
lutionary processes in diverse areas, such as algorithmics, genetics, epidemiology,
physics, engineering, economics, social networks, communications networks, and
more. There is a huge literature on the classic (uniform) models, and we mention a
few of them in §7.5.
