ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the ageing process and its effects. Ageing is an irreversible process, which causes gradual reduction in the reserve of each system. The process affects everyone at different speeds, and often the decline is not obvious until almost total loss of reserve occurs. In addition to the effects of normal ageing, there may be other pathology such as ischaemic heart disease. The elderly are more prone to infections and pulmonary emboli, and the incidence of diseases such as COPD increases with age. The acuity of the special senses decreases with age. This can lead to difficulties in communicating, and can increase confusion in the elderly. Confusion and dementia increase with age and can be exacerbated by anaesthesia. Balance, strength and postural reflexes worsen with age and so early mobilisation and physiotherapy is important to prevent significant loss of function in the post-operative period.
