ABSTRACT

This reference is a comprehensive guide to literature written 500 to 1500 A.D., a period that gave rise to some of the world's most enduring and influential works, such as Dante's Commedia, Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and a large body of Arthurian lore and legend. While its emphasis is upon medieval English texts and society, this reference also covers Islamic, Hispanic, Celtic, Mongolian, Germanic, Italian, and Russian literature and Middle Age culture.

Longer entries provide thorough coverage of major English authors such as Chaucer and Sir Thomas Malory, and of genre entries, such as drama, lyric, ballad, debate, saga, chronicle, and hagiography. Shorter entries examine particular literary works; significant kings, artists, explorers, and religious leaders; important themes, such as courtly love and chivalry; and major historical events, such as the Crusades. Each entry concludes with a brief biography. The volume closes with a list of the most valuable general works for further reading.

letter |32 pages

A

entry |2 pages

Abelard, Peter (1079–1142)

entry |1 pages

Acrostic

entry |1 pages

Adam

entry |3 pages

Ælfric (955–1010)

entry |2 pages

Æthelwold (c. 908–94)

entry |1 pages

Alfonso X (“El Sabio”)

entry |2 pages

Alfred the Great (849–899)

entry |1 pages

Allegory

entry |2 pages

Alliterative Revival

entry |1 pages

Alliterative Verse

entry |2 pages

Alysoun

entry |2 pages

Ancrene Wisse

entry |1 pages

Andreas

entry |1 pages

Andreas Capellanus (c. 1180)

entry |2 pages

Anelida and Arcite

entry |2 pages

Anglo-Latin Literature

entry |2 pages

Anglo-Norman

entry |1 pages

Anglo-Saxon

entry |3 pages

Anglo-Saxon Chronicles

entry |1 pages

Annales Cambriae

entry |1 pages

Annals

entry |1 pages

Anselm, ST. (1033–1109)

entry |2 pages

Aquinas, ST. Thomas (c. 1225–74)

entry |2 pages

Aristotle (384–322 B.C.)

entry |9 pages

Arthurian Legend

entry |2 pages

Athelston

entry |1 pages

Aucassin et Nicolette

entry |1 pages

Augustine, ST. (354–430)

entry |2 pages

Awntyrs of Arthure

entry |1 pages

Aymon, the Four Sons of

letter |37 pages

B

entry |2 pages

Bacon, Roger (c. 1214–1294?)

entry |12 pages

Ballads (Balladry)

entry |2 pages

Ballade

entry |1 pages

Barbara Allen

entry |2 pages

Barbour, John (c. 1320–95)

entry |1 pages

Bard

entry |2 pages

Barlaam and Josaphat

entry |2 pages

Battle of Brunnanburgh, the

entry |2 pages

“Battle of Finnsburgh.”

entry |2 pages

Battle of Maldon, the

entry |1 pages

Beast Epic. (Beast Fable)

entry |2 pages

Becket, ST. Thomas (c. 1118–1170)

entry |2 pages

Bede, ST., the Venerable (673?-735)

entry |2 pages

Beowulf

entry |2 pages

Bernard of Clairvaux, ST. (1090–1153)

entry |2 pages

Bestiaries

entry |1 pages

Bevis of Hampton

entry |8 pages

Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–1375)

entry |2 pages

Boethius (c. 480–525)

entry |1 pages

Book of the Duchess, the

entry |1 pages

Bourchier, John

entry |2 pages

Bruce, the

letter |45 pages

C

entry |1 pages

Cabalero Zifar, El

entry |2 pages

Cabot, John (d. 1498?)

entry |2 pages

Cædmon (c. 670)

entry |1 pages

“Cædmon's Hymn.”

entry |1 pages

Caesura

entry |1 pages

“Canon's Yeoman's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

Cantar De Mio Cid

entry |5 pages

Canterbury Tales

entry |1 pages

Canute (Cnut) (994–1035)

entry |1 pages

Canzone

entry |1 pages

Capet, Hugh (940?-996),

entry |2 pages

Capgrave, John (1393–1464)

entry |2 pages

Carmina Burana

entry |1 pages

Castle of Perseverance, the (c. 1425)

entry |3 pages

Cavalcanti, Guido (1250–1300)

entry |2 pages

Caxton, William (c. 1422–1491)

entry |2 pages

Celtic Literature

entry |2 pages

Chandos Herald (fl. 1360s)

entry |1 pages

Chanson De Geste

entry |2 pages

Chanson De Roland, La

entry |2 pages

Charlemagne (742–814),

entry |1 pages

Charles V (1338–1380),

entry |2 pages

Charms

entry |6 pages

Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1343/44–1400)

entry |1 pages

Chivalry

entry |2 pages

Chrétien De Troyes (c. 1125–1191)

entry |2 pages

Christ and Satan

entry |5 pages

Chronicles and Annals

entry |2 pages

Cimabue, Giovanni (1240–1302)

entry |1 pages

City of God, the

entry |2 pages

Clanvowe, Sir John (d. 1391)

entry |1 pages

Cleanness

entry |2 pages

“Cleric's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Cligés

entry |1 pages

Conrad III (1093–1152)

entry |1 pages

Consolation of Philosophy, the

entry |1 pages

“Cook's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543)

entry |1 pages

Corpus Christl

entry |2 pages

Courtly Love

entry |1 pages

Court of Love, the

entry |2 pages

Crusades, the (1096–1270)

entry |3 pages

Cynewulf

letter |49 pages

D

entry |1 pages

Dance of Death

entry |14 pages

Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)

entry |17 pages

Death and Life: See Debate Poetry, Medieval European

entry |3 pages

Decameron, the (Il Decamerone) (1349–1351)

entry |2 pages

Deor's Lament

entry |1 pages

De Soto, Hernando (1499?-1542)

entry |2 pages

Dias, Bartholomeu (1450?-1500)

entry |1 pages

Diceto, Ralph (c. 1120s-1202)

entry |2 pages

Divine Comedy, the. See Dante Alighieri

entry |1 pages

Donatello (1386–1466)

entry |10 pages

Drama, Medieval

entry |1 pages

Dream Allegory (Vision)

entry |2 pages

“Dream of the Rood, the.”

entry |2 pages

Dunbar, William (1465?-1530)

entry |2 pages

Duns Scotus, John (c. 1265–1308)

entry |2 pages

Dunstan, ST. (c. 910–98)

letter |17 pages

E

entry |1 pages

Earthly Paradise

entry |2 pages

Edda

entry |3 pages

Edward I (1239–1307),

entry |3 pages

Edward III (1327–1377),

entry |2 pages

Edward, Edward

entry |1 pages

Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122–1204)

entry |2 pages

Elegiac Poetry

entry |2 pages

Elegy

entry |2 pages

El Libro De Buen Amor

entry |2 pages

Emaré

entry |1 pages

Envoy (Envoi)

entry |2 pages

Erec Et Enide

entry |2 pages

Erl of Toulous, the

entry |2 pages

Everyman

entry |2 pages

Exemplum

entry |2 pages

Exeter Book, the

letter |34 pages

F

entry |2 pages

Fabliaux

entry |2 pages

Fantosme, Jordan (c. 1100-c. 1170s)

entry |2 pages

Feast of Fools

entry |1 pages

Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516), and Isabella of Castile(1451–1504)

entry |9 pages

Festivals and Holidays

entry |2 pages

Fight at Finnsburgh, the

entry |2 pages

Filocolo, Il (1336–38?)

entry |3 pages

Filostrato, Il (1335?)

entry |1 pages

Fionn Cycle, the.

entry |2 pages

Floris and Blancheflour

entry |1 pages

Floure and the Leafe, the

entry |2 pages

Flytynge

entry |2 pages

“Fowles in the Frith.”

entry |3 pages

Francis of Assisi, St. (1181–1226)

entry |3 pages

“Franklin's Tale, the.”

entry |10 pages

French Literature

entry |2 pages

“Friar's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

Froissart, Jean (c. 1337-c. 1404)

letter |32 pages

G

entry |1 pages

Gamelyn, Tale of, the

entry |2 pages

Gawain (Pearl) Poet, the (fl. 1360–1400)

entry |3 pages

Genealogy of the Gentile Gods, the (1360?-1371)

entry |1 pages

“General Prologue, the.”

entry |1 pages

Genesis

entry |1 pages

Genesis and Exodus

entry |2 pages

Genghis Khan (1162–1227), Mongol emperor

entry |1 pages

Geoffrey De Vinsauf (fl. c. 1200)

entry |3 pages

Geoffrey of Monmouth (1084–1154)

entry |1 pages

Geoffrey of Villehardouin (c. 1150-c. 1213)

entry |10 pages

German Literature

entry |1 pages

Gest

entry |1 pages

Gesta Romanorum

entry |2 pages

Gest of Robin Hood, A

entry |1 pages

Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378–1455)

entry |2 pages

Gildas (c. 516–570)

entry |2 pages

Giotto Di Bondone (1266–1337)

entry |2 pages

Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald De Barri) (c. 1146–1220)

entry |1 pages

Glanville, Ranulf De (c. 1150)

entry |1 pages

Glasgerlon

entry |1 pages

Gleeman

entry |1 pages

Gnomic Poetry

entry |2 pages

Gregory the Great (540–604), pope (590–604)

entry |2 pages

Gregory VII (1015–1085), pope (1073–1085)

entry |2 pages

Gregory of Tours (538–594)

entry |3 pages

Grosseteste, Robert (1170–1253)

entry |3 pages

Guinizelli, Guido (1235–1276)

entry |2 pages

Guy of Warwick (c. 1300)

letter |30 pages

H

entry |1 pages

Hagiography

entry |2 pages

Halloween

entry |1 pages

Hardyng, John (1378–1465)

entry |1 pages

Harleian Manuscripts, the

entry |1 pages

Harley Lyrics

entry |2 pages

Harrowing of Hell

entry |2 pages

HaVelok the Dane

entry |1 pages

Heimskringla, the

entry |2 pages

Henry I

entry |2 pages

Henry II

entry |1 pages

Henry III

entry |2 pages

Henry IV

entry |2 pages

Henry of Huntingdon (C.1084-C.1157)

entry |2 pages

Henryson, Robert (1420? – 1505?)

entry |2 pages

Henry the Minstrel

entry |1 pages

Higden, Ranulf (c. 1280s-c.1364)

entry |12 pages

Hispanic Medieval Literature

entry |1 pages

Historia Brittonum (c. 800)

entry |1 pages

Historia Regum Brittaniae (1136)

entry |2 pages

Histories

entry |1 pages

Hoccleve (or Occleve), Thomas (c. 1369–1426)

entry |2 pages

Holcot, Robert (died c. 1349)

entry |1 pages

Horn Childe

entry |1 pages

House of Fame, the

entry |1 pages

Hrotsvitha (Roswitha) (c.1100)

entry |1 pages

Huchown (c.1400)

entry |1 pages

Hugh of Lincoln, St. (1246–1255)

entry |2 pages

Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester (1391–1447)

entry |2 pages

Hundred Years' War, the (1337–1453)

letter |30 pages

I

entry |1 pages

Illuminated Manuscripts

entry |2 pages

Innocent III (11617?–1216) pope (1198–1216)

entry |2 pages

Interlude

entry |1 pages

Ipomadon

entry |1 pages

Irish Annals

entry |8 pages

Irish Literature

entry |1 pages

Isidore of Seville (c.560–636)

entry |7 pages

Islamic Literature

entry |2 pages

I Syng of A Myden

entry |11 pages

Italian Literature

entry |2 pages

Ivan III (1440–1505) Romanov, tsar of Russia (1462–1505)

entry |1 pages

Ivan IV (1530–1584) Romanov, tsar of Russia (1533–1584)

letter |17 pages

J

entry |10 pages

Japanese Literature

entry |1 pages

Jean Sire De Joinville (1224–1317)

entry |1 pages

Jerome, ST. (c. 340–420)

entry |2 pages

John

entry |2 pages

John of Gaunt,

entry |2 pages

John of Salisbury (c. 1120–1180)

entry |1 pages

Jongleur

entry |2 pages

Jordanes (fl. mid-6th century)

entry |2 pages

Judas

entry |1 pages

Judith

entry |2 pages

Julian of Norwich (c. 1342–1413?)

entry |1 pages

Junius Manuscript, the

letter |14 pages

K

entry |1 pages

Katherine Group, the

entry |1 pages

Kells, Book of

entry |2 pages

Kempe, Margery (c. 1373–1439)

entry |1 pages

Kenning

entry |2 pages

King Horn (dated c.1225)

entry |2 pages

Kingis Quair

entry |2 pages

Knightly Tale of Gologras and Gawain, the

entry |2 pages

“Knight's Tale, the.”

entry |7 pages

Korean Literature

entry |2 pages

Kulhwch and Olwen (c.1100)

letter |34 pages

L

entry |1 pages

La Celestina

entry |2 pages

Lallans

entry |2 pages

Lancelot or the Knight of the Cart

entry |1 pages

Lanfranc (c. 1015–89)

entry |2 pages

Langland, William (c. 1330–1386)

entry |3 pages

Langton, Stephen (c. 1155–1226)

entry |1 pages

Lauda

entry |2 pages

Laxdale Saga

entry |4 pages

Lay (Lai), Breton

entry |2 pages

Layle Freine (Lay of the Ash)

entry |2 pages

Layamon

entry |1 pages

Legend of Good Women, the

entry |1 pages

“Lenten is Come with Love to Town” (c. 1314)

entry |1 pages

Libeaus Desconsus

entry |2 pages

Liberal Arts,

entry |2 pages

Lindsay, Sir David (1490–1555)

entry |1 pages

Lollards

entry |2 pages

Lopez De Ayala, Pedro (1332–1407)

entry |1 pages

Lord Randal

entry |1 pages

Louis VI (1081–1137)

entry |2 pages

Louis IX (1214–1270)

entry |1 pages

Louis XI (1423–1483)

entry |16 pages

Lyric

letter |26 pages

M

entry |1 pages

Madrigal

entry |2 pages

Magellan, Ferdinand (Fernão de Magalhães) (1480–1521)

entry |6 pages

Malory, Sir Thomas (c. 1408–1471)

entry |1 pages

“Manciple's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

Mandeville, Sir John (?-1372)

entry |2 pages

Mannynge, Robert (c. 1264–1340)

entry |1 pages

“Man of Law's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Manuel, Juan

entry |2 pages

Map, Walter (c. 1140-c. 1209)

entry |1 pages

Martianus Capella (c. 400-c. 440)

entry |2 pages

Masaccio (1401–1428)

entry |1 pages

“Matter of Britain, the.”

entry |1 pages

“Matter of England, the.”

entry |1 pages

“Matter of France, the.”

entry |2 pages

“Matter of Rome, the.”

entry |1 pages

“Melibee, Tale of.”

entry |2 pages

“Merchant's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

“Miller's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Minnesinger

entry |2 pages

Minstrel

entry |1 pages

Mongke (?-1259),

entry |9 pages

Mongolian Literature

entry |1 pages

“Monk's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Morted'arthur

entry |1 pages

Mum and the Sothsegger

letter |4 pages

N

entry |1 pages

Nennius (fl.800s)

entry |2 pages

“Nou Sprinkes the Spral”

entry |2 pages

“Now Gooth Sunne Under Wode.”

entry |2 pages

“Nun's Priest's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

“Nut Brown Maid.”

letter |8 pages

O

entry |1 pages

Ockham, William of (c. 1285–1349)

entry |2 pages

Ogham (OGAM)

entry |1 pages

Ogier the Dane

entry |2 pages

Ogodei (1229–1241),

entry |3 pages

Old English Poetry

entry |2 pages

Ormulum, the

entry |2 pages

Otto of Freising (c. 1114–1158)

entry |2 pages

Owl and the Nightingale, the

letter |17 pages

P

entry |1 pages

“Pardoner's Tale, the.”

entry |3 pages

Paris, Matthew (c. 1200-c. 1259)

entry |1 pages

Parliament of Fowls, the

entry |1 pages

Patience

entry |2 pages

Paul the Deacon (c. 720-c. 799)

entry |2 pages

Pearl

entry |1 pages

Peasants' Revolt

entry |1 pages

Pecock, Reginald (1395–1460)

entry |2 pages

Pelagian

entry |1 pages

Perceval

entry |2 pages

Peterborough Chronicle, the

entry |1 pages

Peter Lombard (c. 1100–1164)

entry |2 pages

Peter the Hermit (c. 1050–1115)

entry |2 pages

Petrarch (1304–1374)

entry |1 pages

Philip II (1165–1223)

entry |2 pages

Philip IV (1268–1314)

entry |1 pages

“Physician's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

Piero Della Francesca (1426–1492)

entry |2 pages

Polo, Marco (12547–1324?), Maffeo, and Niccolò

entry |1 pages

Ponce De Leon, Juan (1460–1521)

entry |2 pages

“Prioress's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Provençal

entry |1 pages

Proverbs of Alfred, the

entry |1 pages

Prudentius (348-c. 410)

entry |2 pages

Ptolemy (2nd century A. D.)

letter |2 pages

Q

entry |1 pages

Quadrivium

entry |2 pages

Quem Quaeritis Trope

letter |12 pages

R

entry |1 pages

“Reeve's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Reynard the Fox

entry |1 pages

Rhyming Poem, the

entry |1 pages

Richard I

entry |2 pages

Richard II (1367–1400)

entry |1 pages

Richard Coeur De Lion

entry |1 pages

Richard the Redeless

entry |2 pages

Riddles

entry |1 pages

Robert of Gloucester (fl. 1260–1300)

entry |2 pages

Robin Hood

entry |2 pages

Rolle, Richard, of Hampole (c. 1290–1349)

entry |2 pages

Romance

entry |2 pages

Rom Aunt of the Rose, the

entry |1 pages

“Ruin, the.”

entry |3 pages

Russian Literature, Old

letter |33 pages

S

entry |2 pages

Saga

entry |2 pages

Sawles Warde

entry |1 pages

Scholasticism

entry |2 pages

Schoolmen

entry |1 pages

Scogan, Henry (c. 1360–1407)

entry |1 pages

Scop

entry |2 pages

Scott, Michæl (c. 1160–1235)

entry |5 pages

Scottish Literature

entry |1 pages

“Seafarer, the.”

entry |1 pages

“Second Nun's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

Second Shepherd's Play, the

entry |2 pages

Seven Deadly Sins

entry |2 pages

Seven Sages of Rome

entry |1 pages

“Shipman's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

Shirley, John (c. 1366–1456)

entry |1 pages

Sic Et Non

entry |2 pages

Siete Partidas

entry |3 pages

Sir Degaré

entry |1 pages

Sir Ferumbas

entry |2 pages

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 1370)

entry |2 pages

Sir Gowther

entry |2 pages

Sir Isumbras

entry |2 pages

Sir Launfal

entry |3 pages

Sir Orfeo (King Orfew)

entry |2 pages

Sir Patrick Spens

entry |1 pages

“Sir Thopas” (c. 1387–1400)

entry |2 pages

Skaldic Verse

entry |1 pages

Skelton, John (c. 1460–1529)

entry |2 pages

Snorri Sturluson (c. 1178–1241)

entry |1 pages

Somnium Scipionis (Dream of Scipio)

entry |1 pages

Sordello (c. 1200-c. 1270)

entry |1 pages

Speculum meditantis

entry |2 pages

Squire of Low Degree, the

entry |2 pages

“Squire's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

“Sumer is Icumen in.”

entry |1 pages

Summa Theologica

entry |2 pages

“Summoner's Tale, the.”

entry |1 pages

Sword Dance

letter |11 pages

T

entry |1 pages

Taillefer (d.1066)

entry |2 pages

Taliesin

entry |2 pages

Teseida, Il (13397–1341)

entry |1 pages

Thomas À Kempis (1380–1471)

entry |2 pages

Thomas of Erceldoune (c. 1220–1297)

entry |2 pages

Three Ravens, the and the TWA Corbies

entry |2 pages

Thrush and the Nightingale, the

entry |2 pages

Trivet, Nicholas (1258-c. 1334)

entry |1 pages

Trivium

entry |3 pages

Troilus and Criseyde

entry |1 pages

Trouvères

entry |2 pages

Tyler, Wat (d. 1381)

entry |1 pages

Tyndale, William (c. 1495–1536)

letter |2 pages

U

entry |1 pages

Ubi Sunt

entry |2 pages

Ulftlas (311–381)

entry |1 pages

Ulster Cycle, the

entry |1 pages

Usk, Thomas (d.1388)

letter |7 pages

V

entry |1 pages

Valentine and Orson

entry |2 pages

Vercelli Book, the

entry |1 pages

Vespucci, Amerigo (1451–1512)

entry |1 pages

Vice, the

entry |1 pages

Villehardouin, Geoffrey De (c. 1150–1213)

entry |2 pages

Villon, François (1431-after 1463)

entry |2 pages

Vitalis, Orderic (1075–1142)

entry |2 pages

Volsunga Saga

entry |1 pages

Vox Clamantis (c.1382–1354)

entry |2 pages

Vulgate, the

entry |1 pages

Vulgate Cycle, the

letter |22 pages

W

entry |1 pages

Wakefield Master

entry |1 pages

Waldhere

entry |2 pages

Wallace, Sir William (c. 1270–1305).

entry |1 pages

Walther Von Der Vogelweide (c. 1170–1230)

entry |2 pages

“Wanderer, the.”

entry |2 pages

Wars of the Roses (1455–1485)

entry |7 pages

Welsh Literature

entry |1 pages

Weyden, Rogier Van Der (c. 1400–1464)

entry |3 pages

Widsith

entry |2 pages

“Wife of Bath's Tale, the.”

entry |2 pages

William I (The Conquerer) (1027–1087)

entry |2 pages

William of Malmesbury (1095–1143)

entry |2 pages

William of Palerne

entry |1 pages

“Wulf and Eadwacer.”

entry |2 pages

Wulfstan (d. 1023)

entry |2 pages

Wycliffe, John (c. 1330–1384?)

entry |1 pages

Wynkyn De Worde (d. 1535)

entry |1 pages

Wynnere and Wastour

entry |1 pages

Wyntoun, Andrew of (c. 1350–1425)

entry |1 pages

Wyrd

letter |1 pages

X

entry |1 pages

Ximenes, Francisco (1436–1517)

letter |2 pages

Y

entry |1 pages

Yvain

entry |2 pages

Ywain and Gawain

letter |1 pages

Z

entry |1 pages

Zanzis