ABSTRACT
The two-volume Encyclopedia of Monasticism describes the monastic traditions of both Christianity and Buddhism with more than 600 entries on important monastic figures of all periods and places, surveys of countries and localities, and topical essays covering a wide range of issues (e.g., art, behavior, economics, liturgy, politics, theology, and scholarship). Coverage encompasses not only geography and history worldwide but also the contemporary dilemmas of monastic life.
Recent upheavals in certain countries are highlighted (Korea, Russia, Sri Lanka, etc.). Topical essays subtitled Christian Perspectives and Buddhist Perspectives explore in imaginative fashion comparisons and contrasts between Christian and Buddhist monasticism. Encyclopedia of Monasticism also includes more than 500 color and black and white illustrations covering all aspects of monastic life, art, and architecture.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter 1A|112 pages
entry |2 pages
Abbess, Christian
entry |4 pages
Abbeys, Territorial
entry |2 pages
Abbot: Buddhist
entry |5 pages
Abbot: Christian
entry |2 pages
Abbot Primate, Benedictine
entry |3 pages
Abelard, Peter 1079–1142
entry |3 pages
Aelred of Rievaulx, St. c. 1109–1167
entry |3 pages
Agriculture, Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Aidan, St. d. 651
entry |4 pages
Ajaṇṭā, India
entry |3 pages
Albertus Magnus, St. c. 1200–1280
entry |2 pages
Alcuin c. 740–804
entry |3 pages
Ambrose, St. c. 339–397
entry |1 pages
Anchorites
entry |3 pages
Angkor Wat, Cambodia
entry |3 pages
Anglican Monasticism
entry |1 pages
Anglo-Saxon Monastic Reform
entry |1 pages
Animal Husbandry, Christian
entry |2 pages
Animals, Attitude toward: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Animals, Attitude toward: Christian Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Anselm, St. c. 1033–1109
entry |1 pages
Anthony, St
entry |2 pages
Anticlericalism: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Anticlericalism: Christian Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Antonians
entry |3 pages
Antony, St. c. 251–356
entry |3 pages
Anurādhapura, Sri Lanka
entry |1 pages
Aquinas, Thomas
entry |1 pages
Arahant
entry |6 pages
Archaeology: Near East
entry |4 pages
Archaeology: Russia
entry |3 pages
Archaeology: Western Europe
entry |2 pages
Architecture: Armenian Monasteries
entry |12 pages
Architecture: Buddhist Monasteries in Southern Asia
entry |7 pages
Architecture: Eastern Christian Monasteries
entry |6 pages
Architecture: Structural Monasteries in East Asia
entry |6 pages
Architecture: Western Christian Monasteries
entry |3 pages
Archives, Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Arhat
entry |3 pages
Armenia
entry |1 pages
Arts, Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Arts, Christian
entry |1 pages
Arts, Zen
entry |3 pages
Asaṇga fourth century A.D.
entry |4 pages
Asceticism: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Asceticism: Christian Perspectives
entry |1 pages
Ashoka
entry |2 pages
Ashram, Influence of
entry |3 pages
Asia, Central
entry |3 pages
Aśoka d. 232 B.C.
entry |3 pages
Assisi, Italy
entry |3 pages
Augustinian Canons
entry |4 pages
Augustinian Friars/Hermits
entry |2 pages
Augustinian Rule
entry |2 pages
Aum Shinrikyō
entry |1 pages
Austin Canons
entry |3 pages
Australia
entry |3 pages
Austria
letter 113B|119 pages
entry |2 pages
Bacon, Roger c. 1214-1292
entry |2 pages
Baker, Augustine 1575-1641
entry |2 pages
Bangkok, Thailand
entry |2 pages
Basil the Great, St. c. 329/30-379
entry |2 pages
Beauduin, Lambert 1873-1960
entry |3 pages
Bede, St. c. 673-735
entry |1 pages
Beer and Brewing, Christian
entry |2 pages
Beghards
entry |4 pages
Beguines
entry |3 pages
Belgium: History
entry |2 pages
Belgium: Sites
entry |2 pages
Benedict of Aniane, St. c. 750-821
entry |5 pages
Benedict of Nursia, St. c. 480-c. 547
entry |1 pages
Benedictine Congregations
entry |1 pages
Benedictine Rule
entry |5 pages
Benedictines: Female
entry |8 pages
Benedictines: General or Male
entry |7 pages
Bernard of Clairvaux, St. 1090-1153
entry |3 pages
Beuron, Germany
entry |1 pages
Bhikṣu/Bhikkhu
entry |1 pages
Bhikṣuṇī/Bhikkhunī
entry |3 pages
Bible Interpretation
entry |2 pages
Biblical Figures and Practices
entry |2 pages
Bishops: Jurisdiction and Role
entry |1 pages
Black Canons
entry |2 pages
Bobbio, Italy
entry |2 pages
Bodh Gayā, India
entry |5 pages
Bodhidharma trad. c. 470-543
entry |3 pages
Bodhisattva
entry |3 pages
Body: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Body: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Bön, Influence of
entry |4 pages
Bön Monasticism
entry |1 pages
Bonaventure, St. c. 1217-1274
entry |2 pages
Boniface, St. c. 673-754
entry |1 pages
Book Arts, Christian
entry |1 pages
Book Production
entry |4 pages
Borobudur, Java, Indonesia
entry |2 pages
Botany
entry |2 pages
Brewing, Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Bridgettines
entry |2 pages
Brigit, St. c. 453-c. 524
entry |2 pages
Bruno, St. c. 1030-1101
entry |6 pages
Buddha (Śākyamuni) c. 586-c. 483
entry |2 pages
Buddhadāsa 1906-1993
entry |2 pages
Buddhaghosa fifth century A.D.
entry |5 pages
Buddhism: Overview
entry |5 pages
Buddhism: Inculturation
entry |4 pages
Buddhism: Western
entry |6 pages
Buddhist Schools/Traditions: China
entry |8 pages
Buddhist Schools/Traditions: Japan
entry |2 pages
Buddhist Schools/Traditions: Korea
entry |3 pages
Buddhist Schools/Traditions: South Asia
entry |3 pages
Buddhist Schools/Traditions: Southeast Asia
entry |3 pages
Buddhist Schools/Traditions: Tibet
entry |2 pages
Buddhology
entry |3 pages
Bulgaria
entry |3 pages
Burma (Myanmar)
entry |2 pages
Butler, Cuthbert 1858-1933
entry |1 pages
Byzantine Monasticism
letter 233C|121 pages
entry |2 pages
Caesarius of Arles, St. c. 469–542
entry |2 pages
Camaldolese
entry |2 pages
Canada
entry |3 pages
Canons Regular, Origins of
entry |2 pages
Cappadocia, Turkey
entry |2 pages
Capuchins
entry |3 pages
Carmelites: Female
entry |3 pages
Carmelites: General or Male
entry |4 pages
Carthusians
entry |2 pages
Casel, Odo 1886–1948
entry |2 pages
Cassian, John c. 360-after 435
entry |3 pages
Cassiodorus c. 490–580
entry |3 pages
Cathars
entry |2 pages
Cathedral Priories (England)
entry |2 pages
Catherine of Bologna, St. 1413–1463
entry |9 pages
Cave Temples and Monasteries in India and China
entry |2 pages
Celibacy: Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Celibacy: Christian
entry |5 pages
Celtic Monasticism
entry |1 pages
Central Asia
entry |1 pages
Ceylon
entry |4 pages
Chan/Zen: China
entry |4 pages
Chan/Zen: Japan
entry |2 pages
Chan/Zen: Korea
entry |2 pages
Chan/Zen: Vietnam
entry |1 pages
Chant, Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Chapman, John 1865–1933
entry |2 pages
Charism
entry |1 pages
Chih-i
entry |7 pages
China
entry |2 pages
Chinul 1158–1210
entry |5 pages
Christianity: Overview
entry |3 pages
Chrysostom, John, St. 349–407
entry |1 pages
Chu-hung
entry |2 pages
Church Councils, Recent Catholic
entry |1 pages
Church Design
entry |2 pages
Cistercians: Female
entry |6 pages
Cistercians: General or Male
entry |2 pages
Cîteaux, France
entry |3 pages
Clare of Assisi, St. 1193/94–1253
entry |3 pages
Claustration (Cloister), Rules of
entry |2 pages
Climacus, John, St. c. 570–649
entry |1 pages
Cloister
entry |3 pages
Clothing: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Clothing: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Cluniacs
entry |3 pages
Cluny, Abbots of
entry |4 pages
Cluny, France
entry |3 pages
Collegeville, Minnesota
entry |3 pages
Columba, St. 521–597
entry |2 pages
Columban, St. c. 543–615
entry |1 pages
Compostela, Spain
entry |6 pages
Congregations, Benedictine
entry |3 pages
Contemporary Issues: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Contemporary Issues: Western Christian
entry |1 pages
Cosmogony, Gnostic
entry |2 pages
Councils, Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Councils, Christian
entry |2 pages
Critiques of Buddhist Monasticism: Confucian
entry |3 pages
Critiques of Buddhist Monasticism: Indo-Tibetan
entry |2 pages
Critiques of Buddhist Monasticism: Japanese
entry |5 pages
Critiques of Western Christian Monasticism
entry |2 pages
Croatia (Hrvatska)
entry |3 pages
Crusades
entry |2 pages
Cuthbert, St. c. 636–687
entry |6 pages
Cyprus
entry |3 pages
Czech Republic
entry |2 pages
Częstochowa (Jasna Góra), Poland
letter 355D|65 pages
entry |1 pages
Daily Office
entry |2 pages
Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) 1935-
entry |2 pages
Damian, Peter, St. 1007–1072
entry |3 pages
Daoism: Influence on Buddhism
entry |3 pages
Daoxuan (Tao-hsüan) 596–667
entry |2 pages
David, St. d. 601
entry |1 pages
Dead, Intercession for
entry |2 pages
Death: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Death: Christian Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Death Rituals, Buddhist
entry |5 pages
Deities, Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Denmark
entry |3 pages
Desert Fathers
entry |3 pages
Desert Mothers
entry |2 pages
Devotions, Western Christian
entry |1 pages
Dhamma
entry |1 pages
Dharamsala, India (Tibetan)
entry |2 pages
Dharma
entry |2 pages
Dharmapāla, Anagārika 1864–1933
entry |2 pages
Dialogue, Intermonastic: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Dialogue, Intermonastic: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite c. 500
entry |3 pages
Disciples, Early Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Discipleship, Christian
entry |5 pages
Discourses (Sūtras): Mahāyāna
entry |3 pages
Discourses (Suttas): Theravāda
entry |5 pages
Dissolution of Monasteries: Continental Europe
entry |6 pages
Dissolution of Monasteries: England, Ireland, and Wales
entry |3 pages
Dissolution of Monasteries: Scotland
entry |3 pages
Dōgen 1200–1253
entry |4 pages
Dominic, St. c. 1172–1221
entry |2 pages
Dominicans: Female
entry |5 pages
Dominicans: General or Male
entry |4 pages
Double Houses, Western Christian
letter 421E|45 pages
entry |2 pages
Echternach, Luxembourg
entry |2 pages
Eckhart, Meister c. 1260-1328
entry |3 pages
Economic Justice, Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Economics: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Economics: Christian
entry |3 pages
Education of Christian Monastics
entry |5 pages
Egypt
entry |1 pages
Einsiedeln, Switzerland
entry |3 pages
Eisai (Yosai) 1141-1215
entry |5 pages
Elders, Russian Monastic (Startsi)
entry |2 pages
Elizabeth of Schönau 1129-1164
entry |4 pages
England: History
entry |5 pages
England: Sites
entry |2 pages
Ennin 794-864
entry |4 pages
Esoteric Buddhism in China and Japan
entry |7 pages
Ethiopia
entry |2 pages
Evagrius Ponticus c. 345-399
entry |2 pages
Examinations, Theravādin
entry |4 pages
Exile, Western Christian
letter 467F|46 pages
entry |1 pages
Farming, Christian
entry |2 pages
Fasting: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Fasting: Eastern Christian
entry |3 pages
Fasting: Western Christian
entry |4 pages
Festivals, Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Fishing and Fish Culture, Western Christian
entry |1 pages
Flagellation
entry |2 pages
Florence, Italy
entry |3 pages
Fontevraud, France
entry |3 pages
Food: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Food: Christian Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Forest Masters
entry |8 pages
France: History
entry |5 pages
France: Sites
entry |4 pages
Francis of Assisi, St. 1181-1226
entry |2 pages
Francis of Paola, St. 1416-1507
entry |4 pages
Franciscans: Female
entry |5 pages
Franciscans: General or Male
entry |2 pages
Fugitive Religious
entry |2 pages
Fujii, Nichidatsu (Nittatsu) 1885-1985
entry |3 pages
Fulda, Germany
letter 513G|49 pages
entry |2 pages
Gampopa 1079-1153
entry |1 pages
Gardening, Christian
entry |4 pages
Gardens: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Gardens: Christian Perspectives
entry |1 pages
Gelukpa
entry |4 pages
Gender Studies: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Gender Studies: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
German Benedictine Reform, Medieval
entry |6 pages
Germany: History
entry |4 pages
Germany: Sites
entry |3 pages
Gestures, Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Gethsemani, Kentucky
entry |2 pages
Gilbertines
entry |3 pages
Gnostic Cosmogony in Buddhism
entry |3 pages
Governance: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Governance: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Grandmontines
entry |8 pages
Greece
entry |1 pages
Gregorian Chant
entry |2 pages
Gregory I (the Great), St. c. 540-604
entry |1 pages
Gregory VII c. 1015-1085
entry |3 pages
Gregory of Nazianzus, St. c. 329-390
entry |2 pages
Gregory of Nyssa, St. c. 330-c. 395
entry |2 pages
Griffiths, Bede 1907-1993
entry |2 pages
Gualbert, John, St. before 1000-1073
entry |2 pages
Guéranger, Prosper 1805-1875
entry |2 pages
Guigo I 1083-1136
entry |1 pages
Gyatso, Tenzin
letter 563H|70 pages
entry |1 pages
Habit
entry |2 pages
Hagiography: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Hagiography: Christian Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Hagiography: Eastern Christian
entry |3 pages
Hagiography; Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Haid, Leo Michael 1849-1924
entry |3 pages
Hakuin c. 1685-1768
entry |2 pages
Heloise c. 1100-1163/64
entry |4 pages
Heretics, Christian
entry |2 pages
Hermits: Buddhist
entry |5 pages
Hermits: Eastern Christian
entry |4 pages
Hermits: Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Hesychasm
entry |1 pages
Hierocrats
entry |3 pages
Hilda, St. 614-680
entry |2 pages
Hildegard of Bingen, St. 1098-1179
entry |7 pages
Historiography, Recent: Eastern Christian
entry |4 pages
Historiography, Recent: Western Christian
entry |1 pages
Holy Island, England
entry |4 pages
Holy Men/Holy Women: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Holy Men/Holy Women: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Holy Men in Power (Hierocrats), Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Hōnen 1133-1212
entry |2 pages
Hospitality, Christian
entry |4 pages
Hospitallers (Knights of Malta since 1530)
entry |1 pages
Hrosthwitha c. 932-1000
entry |2 pages
Huaihai (Huai-hai) 720-814
entry |3 pages
Huineng trad. 638-713
entry |2 pages
Huiyuan (Hui-yüan) 334-416
entry |5 pages
Humanism, Christian
entry |2 pages
Hume, Basil 1923-1999
entry |3 pages
Humor: Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Humor: Christian
entry |3 pages
Hungary
entry |2 pages
Hygiene: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Hygiene: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Hymnographers
letter 633I|48 pages
entry |2 pages
Iconoclasm (Controversy)
entry |1 pages
Icons, Christian
entry |4 pages
Images: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Images: Christian Perspectives
entry |1 pages
India.
entry |2 pages
India: Christian
entry |4 pages
India: Sites
entry |3 pages
Initiation: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Initiation: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Intercession for the Dead, Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Intermonastic Dialogue
entry |6 pages
Internet, Buddhist and Christian
entry |2 pages
Iona, Scotland
entry |2 pages
Ippen 1239-1289
entry |5 pages
Ireland: History
entry |4 pages
Ireland: Sites
entry |3 pages
Isaac the Syrian (Isaac of Nineveh), St. d. c. 700
entry |3 pages
Isidore of Seville, St. c. 560-636
entry |5 pages
Island Monasteries, Christian
entry |3 pages
Israel/Palestine
entry |3 pages
Istanbul, Turkey
entry |1 pages
Italian Benedictine Saints
entry |4 pages
Italo-Greek Monasticism
entry |1 pages
Italy
letter 681J|25 pages
entry |3 pages
Jain Monasticism and Buddhist Monasticism
entry |2 pages
Jansenist Controversy
entry |6 pages
Japan: History
entry |6 pages
Japan: Sites
entry |4 pages
Jerome, St. c. 345–420
entry |3 pages
Jerusalem, Israel
entry |2 pages
Joachim of Fiore c. 1135–1202
entry |2 pages
John of Damascus, St. c. 655–c. 750
entry |2 pages
John of the Cross, St. 1542–1591
entry |3 pages
Joseph of Volokolamsk, St. 1439/40–1515
entry |2 pages
Julian of Norwich c. 1342-after 1416
letter 707K|26 pages
entry |1 pages
Kagyü
entry |2 pages
Kandy, Sri Lanka
entry |2 pages
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
entry |2 pages
Keating, Thomas 1923-
entry |3 pages
Kiev (Kyiv), Ukraine
entry |1 pages
Knights of Malta
entry |3 pages
Knowles, M. David 1896-1974
entry |4 pages
Kōan
entry |3 pages
Korea: History
entry |2 pages
Korea: Recent Changes
entry |6 pages
Korea: Sites
entry |5 pages
Kūkai 774-835
entry |1 pages
Kyiv, Ukraine
entry |4 pages
Kyoto, Japan
letter 733L|65 pages
entry |2 pages
La Trappe, France
entry |2 pages
Labdron, Machig c. 1055–1153
entry |5 pages
Ladakh, India
entry |2 pages
Laicization of Spirituality: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Laicization of Spirituality: Christian Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Lanfranc c. 1005–1089
entry |4 pages
Latin America
entry |2 pages
Lavra
entry |2 pages
Lay Brothers and Lay Sisters, Christian
entry |1 pages
Lay Patrons, Christian
entry |1 pages
Laypeople
entry |1 pages
Le Saux, Henri 1910–1973
entry |2 pages
Leclercq, Jean 1911–1993
entry |3 pages
Lectio Divina
entry |2 pages
Lérins, France
entry |3 pages
Lhasa, Tibet
entry |3 pages
Libraries: Buddhist
entry |9 pages
Libraries: Eastern Christian
entry |4 pages
Libraries: Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Life Cycle, Christian
entry |3 pages
Lindisfarne/Holy Island, England
entry |1 pages
Liturgical Furnishings, Christian
entry |5 pages
Liturgical Movement 1830–1980
entry |1 pages
Liturgical Seasons, Christian
entry |2 pages
Liturgists, German Monastic
entry |5 pages
Liturgy: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Liturgy: Celtic
entry |5 pages
Liturgy: Eastern Christian
entry |9 pages
Liturgy: Western Christian
entry |4 pages
Luther, Martin 1483–1546
entry |1 pages
Lutheran Monasticism
letter 799M|117 pages
entry |2 pages
Macarian Homilies
entry |2 pages
Macarius of Alexandria, St. d. 394
entry |1 pages
Machig Labdron
entry |2 pages
Macrina, St. c. 327-380
entry |2 pages
Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī c. sixth century—c. fifth century B.C.
entry |5 pages
Mahāyāna
entry |2 pages
Main, John 1926-1982
entry |8 pages
Maṇḍala
entry |3 pages
Mantras
entry |3 pages
Manuscript Production: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Manuscript Production: Christian
entry |2 pages
Marathon Monks
entry |2 pages
Maria Laach, Germany
entry |2 pages
Marmion, Columba 1858-1923
entry |2 pages
Maronites
entry |2 pages
Martin of Tours, St. c. 315/36-397
entry |5 pages
Martyrs: Eastern Christian
entry |3 pages
Martyrs: Western Christian
entry |3 pages
Master and Pupil: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Master and Pupil: Christian Perspectives
entry |1 pages
Mathurins
entry |2 pages
Maurists
entry |3 pages
Maximus the Greek, St. c. 1470-1555
entry |3 pages
McInerney, Michael Joseph Vincent 1877-1963
entry |3 pages
Medicine, Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Medicine, Christian
entry |4 pages
Meditation: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Meditation: Christian Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Melk, Austria
entry |2 pages
Melkite Monasticism
entry |3 pages
Mercedarians
entry |2 pages
Merton, Thomas 1915-1968
entry |3 pages
Meteora, Thessaly, Greece
entry |2 pages
Milarepa 1040-1123
entry |1 pages
Military Orders
entry |3 pages
Missionaries: Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Missionaries: Christian
entry |3 pages
Monastery, Christian
entry |4 pages
Monasticism, Definitions of: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Monasticism, Definitions of: Christian Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Monastics and the World, Medieval
entry |2 pages
Mongkut 1804-1868
entry |1 pages
Mongolia
entry |2 pages
Monk-Bishops
entry |5 pages
Mont-St.-Michel, France
entry |3 pages
Monte Cassino, Italy
entry |1 pages
More, Gertrude 1606-1633
entry |4 pages
Moscow, Russia
entry |4 pages
Mount Athos, Greece
entry |2 pages
Mount Hiei, Japan
entry |3 pages
Mount Kōya, Japan
entry |7 pages
Mount Meru
entry |3 pages
Mount Sinai, Egypt
entry |2 pages
Mount Wutai, China
entry |4 pages
Mountain Monasteries, Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Mun, Ajahn 1871-1949
entry |3 pages
Music: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Music: Christian Perspectives
entry |1 pages
Myanmar
entry |1 pages
Mystical Vision
entry |2 pages
Mystics, German Monastic: Female
entry |2 pages
Mystics, German Monastic: Male
letter 917N|27 pages
entry |2 pages
Nagano, Japan
entry |3 pages
Nālandā, India
entry |3 pages
Nara, Japan
entry |3 pages
Nation-Building and Japanese Buddhism
entry |1 pages
Nembutsu
entry |5 pages
Nepal: History
entry |4 pages
Nepal: Sites
entry |4 pages
Nestorian Monasticism
entry |3 pages
Netherlands
entry |3 pages
New Skete, New York
entry |3 pages
Nhát Hanh, Thích 1926-
entry |1 pages
Nichiren
entry |2 pages
Nilus of Sora, St. c. 1433-1508
entry |1 pages
Norway
entry |3 pages
Novices, Theravādin Rituals for
entry |1 pages
Nyingma
letter 945O|39 pages
entry |2 pages
Oblates
entry |4 pages
Office, Daily: Eastern Christian
entry |5 pages
Office, Daily: Western Christian
entry |3 pages
Officials: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Officials: Western Christian
entry |3 pages
Orders (Religious), Origin of
entry |10 pages
Origins: Comparative Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Origins: Eastern Christian
entry |5 pages
Origins: Western Christian
entry |3 pages
Orthodox Monasticism: Byzantine
entry |8 pages
Orthodox Monasticism: Slavic
letter 985P|68 pages
entry |2 pages
Pachomius, St. c. 290-346
entry |2 pages
Padmasambhava eighth century A.D.
entry |1 pages
Pagoda
entry |1 pages
Painting, Christian
entry |2 pages
Paisy Velichkovsky 1722-1794
entry |3 pages
Palamas, Gregory, St. c. 1296-1359
entry |1 pages
Palestine
entry |2 pages
Papacy: Monastic Popes
entry |3 pages
Papacy: Papal Pronouncements
entry |4 pages
Patrons, Buddhist: China
entry |2 pages
Patrons, Buddhist: India
entry |2 pages
Patrons, Buddhist: Japan
entry |2 pages
Patrons, Buddhist: Korea
entry |2 pages
Patrons, Christian: Lay
entry |3 pages
Patrons, Christian: Royal
entry |4 pages
Peace Movements, Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Penitential Books
entry |5 pages
Persecution: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Persecution: Christian Perspectives
entry |1 pages
Peter of Alcántara, St. 1499-1562
entry |3 pages
Pharmacology
entry |2 pages
Philokalia
entry |4 pages
Pilgrimages, Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Pilgrimages, Christian: Eastern Europe
entry |3 pages
Pilgrimages, Christian: Near East
entry |5 pages
Pilgrimages, Christian: Western Europe
entry |3 pages
Pilgrims to India, Chinese
entry |2 pages
Pirminius, St. d. c. 753
entry |4 pages
Plainchant
entry |3 pages
Poland
entry |1 pages
Poor Clares
entry |1 pages
Popes, Monastic
entry |2 pages
Portugal
entry |4 pages
Prayer: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Prayer: Christian Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Premonstratensian Canons
entry |2 pages
Prophethood, Japanese Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Protestant Monasticism: Lutheran
entry |1 pages
Protestant Monasticism: Waldensian
entry |1 pages
Pseudo-Dionysius
entry |3 pages
Pure Land Buddhism
letter 1053R|55 pages
entry |2 pages
Rabanus Maurus c. 780-856
entry |3 pages
Radegunde, St. c. 520-587
entry |2 pages
Rancé, Armand-Jean de 1626-1700
entry |1 pages
Recluses, Eastern Christian
entry |2 pages
Recluses, Western Christian
entry |1 pages
Reform, German Benedictine
entry |5 pages
Reform, Tenth-Century Anglo-Saxon Monastic
entry |4 pages
Reformation
entry |3 pages
Regulations: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Regulations: Christian Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Reichenau
entry |4 pages
Relics, Christian Monastic
entry |2 pages
Rennyo 1415-1499
entry |3 pages
Repentance Rituals, Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Retreat, Christian
entry |2 pages
Riepp, Benedicta (Sybilla) 1825-1862
entry |1 pages
Robe
entry |7 pages
Romania
entry |3 pages
Rome and the Papacy
entry |1 pages
Royal Patrons, Christian
entry |1 pages
Rule of St. Benedict
entry |4 pages
Rules, Buddhist (Vinaya): Historical
entry |3 pages
Rules, Buddhist (Vinaya): Lineage
entry |2 pages
Rules, Buddhist (Vinaya): Monks
entry |4 pages
Rules, Buddhist (Vinaya): Nuns
entry |1 pages
Rules, Christian
entry |5 pages
Russia: History
entry |3 pages
Russia: Recent Changes
entry |5 pages
Russia: Sites
letter 1109S|120 pages
entry |1 pages
Sabas, St. 439-532
entry |1 pages
Sacred Topography, Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Saichō 767-822
entry |1 pages
St. Gallen, Switzerland
entry |2 pages
St. Riquier, France
entry |3 pages
Saints, Italian Benedictine
entry |1 pages
Sakya
entry |3 pages
Sakya Pandita (Sapen) 1182-1251
entry |1 pages
Śākyamuni Buddha
entry |4 pages
Saṇgha
entry |2 pages
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
entry |1 pages
Sapen
entry |2 pages
Savonarola, Girolamo 1452-1498
entry |5 pages
Scandinavia
entry |4 pages
Scholars, Benedictine
entry |3 pages
Scholastics, Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Schools and Universities, Benedictine
entry |1 pages
Schools, Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Schutz, Roger 1915-
entry |6 pages
Scotland
entry |1 pages
Sculpture, Christian
entry |2 pages
Seasons, Liturgical: Eastern Christian
entry |3 pages
Seasons, Liturgical: Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Self-Immolation, Buddhist
entry |2 pages
Self-Mutilation, Christian
entry |3 pages
Seraphim of Sarov, St. 1759-1833
entry |5 pages
Serbia
entry |3 pages
Sergius of Radonezh, St. c. 1314-1392
entry |2 pages
Servites
entry |3 pages
Sexuality: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |4 pages
Sexuality: Christian Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Shaolin, China
entry |2 pages
Shenoute of Atripe c. 350-c. 466
entry |1 pages
Shenxiu (Shen-hsiu) c. 606-706
entry |3 pages
Shikoku, the Pilgrimage Island of Japan
entry |3 pages
Shinran 1173-1262
entry |1 pages
Siam
entry |1 pages
Siddhartha Gautama
entry |1 pages
Slavic Monasticism
entry |2 pages
Social Services: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Social Services: Eastern Christian
entry |3 pages
Social Services: Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Solesmes, France
entry |2 pages
Solitude: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Solitude: Christian Perspectives
entry |1 pages
Sŏn
entry |4 pages
Spain: History
entry |2 pages
Spain: Sites
entry |2 pages
Spiritual Direction, Christian
entry |5 pages
Spirituality: Buddhist
entry |9 pages
Spirituality: Eastern Christian
entry |6 pages
Spirituality: Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Sri Lanka: History
entry |1 pages
Sri Lanka: Recent Changes
entry |3 pages
Sri Lanka: Sites
entry |1 pages
Startsi
entry |3 pages
Stephen of Perm, St. c. 1340-1396
entry |9 pages
Stūpa
entry |3 pages
Stylites
entry |2 pages
Subiaco, Italy
entry |4 pages
Suger c. 1081-1151
entry |1 pages
Sūtras
entry |1 pages
Suttas
entry |2 pages
Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro 1870-1966
entry |1 pages
Sweden
entry |3 pages
Switzerland
entry |3 pages
Symeon the New Theologian, St. c. 949-1022
entry |3 pages
Syncretism in Japan, Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Syria
letter 1229T|78 pages
entry |1 pages
T'ai-hsü
entry |4 pages
Taiwan
entry |3 pages
Taixu (T'ai-hsü) 1889–1947
entry |2 pages
Taizé, France
entry |1 pages
Tao-hsüan
entry |1 pages
Taoism
entry |2 pages
Taungpila Sayadaw 1578–1651
entry |3 pages
Templars
entry |3 pages
Temple, Buddhist
entry |1 pages
Tendai
entry |3 pages
Ten-Precept Mothers as Theravādin Nuns
entry |3 pages
Teresa of Avila, St. 1515–1582
entry |1 pages
Territorial Abbeys
entry |5 pages
Teutonic Order
entry |5 pages
Thailand
entry |2 pages
Theodore of Stoudios, St. c. 759–826
entry |2 pages
Theodosius of Kiev, St. d. 1074
entry |4 pages
Theology, Eastern Christian
entry |3 pages
Theology, Western Christian: Augustinian Friars/Hermits
entry |3 pages
Theology, Western Christian: Benedictine
entry |2 pages
Theology, Western Christian: Carmelite
entry |3 pages
Theology, Western Christian: Dominican
entry |3 pages
Theology, Western Christian: Franciscan
entry |1 pages
Theravāda
entry |3 pages
Theravādin Monks, Modern Western
entry |3 pages
Thérèse of Lisieux, St. 1873–1897
entry |1 pages
Thích Nhát Hanh
entry |3 pages
Thomas Aquinas, St. 1224/25–1274
entry |3 pages
Tiantai/Tendai: China
entry |2 pages
Tiantai/Tendai: Japan
entry |4 pages
Tibet: History
entry |4 pages
Tibet: Sites
entry |5 pages
Tibetan Lineages: Gelukpa
entry |4 pages
Tibetan Lineages: Kagyü
entry |4 pages
Tibetan Lineages: Nyingma
entry |3 pages
Tibetan Lineages: Sakya
entry |2 pages
Timekeeping: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Timekeeping: Christian Perspectives
entry |2 pages
Topography, Sacred (Buddhist)
entry |2 pages
Transvestite Saints
entry |3 pages
Trappists
entry |4 pages
Travelers: Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Travelers: Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Trinitarians (Mathurins)
entry |1 pages
Turkey
letter 1307U|10 pages
entry |4 pages
Ukraine
entry |3 pages
United States: Buddhist
entry |5 pages
United States: Western Christian
letter 1317V|68 pages
entry |2 pages
Vadstena, Sweden
entry |2 pages
Vajrayāna Buddhism in Nepal
entry |1 pages
Vajrayāna Buddhism in Tibet
entry |3 pages
Vallombrosans
entry |1 pages
Vegetarianism
entry |1 pages
Velichkovsky, Paisy
entry |3 pages
Victorines
entry |3 pages
Vienna, Austria
entry |4 pages
Vietnam
entry |1 pages
Vihāra
entry |1 pages
Vinaya
entry |2 pages
Virtues, Buddhist
entry |3 pages
Vision, Mystical: Eastern Christian
entry |4 pages
Vision, Mystical: Western Christian
entry |3 pages
Visitandines
entry |6 pages
Visual Arts, Buddhist: China
entry |4 pages
Visual Arts, Buddhist: India
entry |4 pages
Visual Arts, Buddhist: Japan
entry |4 pages
Visual Arts, Buddhist: Korea
entry |5 pages
Visual Arts, Buddhist: Nepal
entry |5 pages
Visual Arts, Buddhist: Southeast Asia
entry |12 pages
Visual Arts, Buddhist: Tibet
entry |5 pages
Visual Arts, Eastern Christian: Painting
entry |3 pages
Visual Arts, Western Christian: Book Arts before the Renaissance
entry |4 pages
Visual Arts, Western Christian: Liturgical Furnishings
entry |2 pages
Visual Arts, Western Christian: Painting
entry |4 pages
Visual Arts, Western Christian: Sculpture
entry |2 pages
Vocation, Christian
entry |1 pages
Vows, Christian
letter 1385W|31 pages
entry |2 pages
Walafrid Strabo c. 808-849
entry |1 pages
Waldensian Monasticism
entry |3 pages
Wales
entry |2 pages
Warrior Monks: Buddhist
entry |5 pages
Warrior Monks: Christian
entry |1 pages
Wat
entry |1 pages
Welfare
entry |1 pages
Western Buddhism
entry |2 pages
Whitby, England
entry |1 pages
White Canons
entry |2 pages
Wilfrid, St. 634-709
entry |2 pages
William of Hirsau c. 1026-1091
entry |2 pages
Willibrord, St. 658-739
entry |3 pages
Wimmer, Boniface 1809-1887
entry |2 pages
Wolter, Maurus 1825-1890
entry |2 pages
Wolter, Placidus 1828-1908
entry |4 pages
Women's Monasteries: Buddhist
entry |4 pages
Women's Monasteries: Eastern Christian
entry |3 pages
Women's Monasteries: Western Christian
entry |2 pages
Wŏnhyo 617-686
entry |2 pages
Worship Space: Buddhist Perspectives
entry |3 pages
Worship Space: Christian Perspectives
letter 1417Y|2 pages
entry |2 pages
Yeshe Tsogyel eighth century A.D.
entry |1 pages
Yosai
entry |1 pages
Yugoslavia
letter 1419Z|10 pages
entry |1 pages
Zen
entry |5 pages
Zen, Arts of
entry |3 pages
Zen and the West
entry |3 pages
Zhiyi (Chih-i) 538-597
entry |2 pages
Zhuhong (Chu-hung) 1535-1615
