ABSTRACT

In each volume, an introductory essay outlines of history of the disciplines under discussion, and describes how changes and innovations in these disciplines have affected our lives. The biographies that follow are organized in an A-Z format: each biography is divided into a "life" section describing the individual's life and influences and a "legacy" section summarizing the impact of that individual's work throughout history. These biographies cover a diverse group of men and women from around the globe and throughout history.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Mao Tse-tung and Genghis Khan are among the 200 well-known historical figures included in this volume. Examples of other lesser-known, yet important, individuals covered in this work are: Gustavas Adolphus, Swedish empire creator; Hatshepsut, queen of ancient Egyptian dynasty; and Jean Jaurès, French socialist leader and pacifist. Each synopsis provides information on each individual's enduring impact on the common understanding of fundamental themes of human existence.

letter |202 pages

The Biographies

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Adams, John Quincy

Sixth President of the United States 1767–1848

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Adenauer, Konrad

German Chancellor 1876–1967

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Akbar

Indian Mughal Emperor 1542–1605

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Alexander II

Russian Tsar and Reformer 1818–1881

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Alexander III

Greco-Macedonian Conqueror 356–323 B.C.E.

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Anthony, Susan Brownell

American Women's Rights Advocate 1820–1906

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Arafat, Yasir

Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization 1929-

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Arias Sánchez, Oscar

President of Costa Rica 1941-

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Aśoka

Indian Emperor c. 292–c. 233 B.C.E.

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Atatürk, Kemal

Founder of Modern Turkey 1881–1938

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Attila

Hunnish King c. 400–453

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Augustus

First Roman Emperor 63 B.C.—14 A.D.

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Aung San Suu Kyi

Burmese Political Activist 1945-

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Aurangzeb

Indian Mughal Emperor 1618–1707

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Bakunin, Mikhail

Russian Anarchist 1814–1876

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Balfour, Arthur

British Politician; Author of the Balfour Declaration 1848–1930

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Begin, Menachem

Prime Minister of Israel 1913−1992

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Bell, Gertrude

British Diplomat 1868–1926

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Ben-Gurion, David

First Prime Minister of Israel 1886–1973

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Benenson, Peter

Founder, Amnesty International 1921-

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Biko, Stephen

South African Civil Rights Activist 1946—1977

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Bismarck, Otto von

German Statesman and Diplomat 1815–1898

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Blanc, Louis

French Socialist and Historian 1811–1882

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Bolívar, Simón

South American Independence Leader 1783–1830

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Brezhnev, Leonid

Soviet Leader 1906–1982

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Burke, Edmund

British Statesman 1729–1797

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Caesar, Julius

Roman Dictator 100–44 B.C.

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Candragupta

Emperor and Unifier of India c. 348–c. 298 B.C.E.

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Castro, Fidel

Cuban Revolutionary and Leader 1926-

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Catherine de Médicis

Queen, Regent, and Queen Mother in France 1519–1589

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Catherine II

Empress of Russia 1729–1796

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Cavour, Camillo Benso di

Leader of Italian Unification 1810–1861

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Charlemagne

Founder of the First Christian Empire in the West c.742–814

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Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor 1500–1558

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Chiang Kai-shek

Leader of Nationalist China 1887–1975

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Churchill, Winston

British Statesman 1874–1965

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Clemenceau, Georges

French Politician and Journalist 1841–1929

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Cleopatra VII

Queen of Egypt 69–30 B.C.E.

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Cohn-Bendit, Daniel

Leader of French Student Protest 1945-

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Columbus, Christopher

First European Explorer of the Americas 1451–1506

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Constantine I

First Christian Emperor c. 274–337

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Cortés, Hernán

Spanish Conqueror of Mexico 1485–1547

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Cromwell, Oliver

Leader of the English Civil War 1599–1658

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Cyrus II

Founder of the Persian Empire c. 600–530 B.C.

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Darius I

Ruler of Ancient Persia 550–486 B.C

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David

King of Ancient Israel c. Tenth Century B.C

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de Beauvoir, Simone

French Philosopher and Feminist 1908–1986

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Debs, Eugene Victor

American Politician and Labor Activist 1855–1926

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de Gaulle, Charles

French Politician and Military Leader 1890–1970

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de Gouges, Olympe

French Political Thinker 1748–1793

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de Klerk, Frederik Willem

South African Political Leader 1936-

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Deng Xiaoping

Leader of China, 1978–1997 1904–1997

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Diocletian

Roman Emperor c. 243–312

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Disraeli, Benjamin

British Politician and Leader of the Conservative Party 1804–1881

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Edward I

King of England 1239–1307

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Eisenhower, Dwight David

Thirty-Fourth President of the United States 1890–1969

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

Medieval Queen and Patron of Culture 1122–1204

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Elizabeth I

Queen of England 1533–1603

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Franco, Francisco

Spanish General and Dictator 1892–1975

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Franklin, Benjamin

American Philosopher and Revolutionary Patriot 1706–1790

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Frederick I

Holy Roman Emperor c. 1123–1190

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Frederick II

King of Prussia 1712–1786

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Friedan, Betty

Feminist Leader 1921-

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Gandhi, Mohandas

Indian Nationalist; Spiritual Leader 1869–1948

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Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Nineteenth-Century Leader of Italian Unification 1807–1882

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Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire 1162–1227

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Gladstone, William Ewart

British Politician and Leader of the Liberal Party 1809–1898

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Gorbachev, Mikhail

Last Soviet Leader 1931-

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Guevara, Ernesto

Marxist Revolutionary and Guerrilla Leader 1928–1967

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Gustavus Adolfus

King of Sweden 1594–1632

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Hadrian

Emperor of Rome 76–138

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Hammurabi

Sumerian King c. 1820/1810—c. 1750 B.C.E.

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Hatshepsut

Female Pharaoh c. 1522–1458 B.C.E.

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Havel, Vaclav

Writer and President of the Czech Republic 1936-

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Henry II

King of England 1133–1189

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Henry IV

King of France 1553–1610

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Henry VIII

King of England 1491–1547

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Henry the Navigator

Portuguese Prince and Patron of Exploration 1394–1460

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Herzl, Theodor

Founder of Zionism 1860–1904

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Hirohito

Emperor of Japan 1901–1989

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Hitler, Adolf

Ruler of Nazi Germany 1889–1945

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Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese Revolutionary Leader c. 1890–1969

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Huayna Capac

Incan Emperor c. 1480–1527

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Hung Hsiu-ch'üan

Leader of the Chinese Taiping Rebellion 1814–1864

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Hussein, Saddam

Iraqi Political Leader 1938—

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Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Society of Jesus 1491–1556

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Isabella I

Queen of Spain 1451–1504

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Ivan III

Medieval Russian Tsar 1440–1505

chapter |1 pages

Ivan IV

Ruler of Russia 1530–1584

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Jaurès, Jean

French Socialist and Politician 1859–1914

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Jefferson, Thomas

Third President of the United States 1743–1826

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Joan of Arc

Defender of France and Roman Catholic Saint 1412–1431

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Joseph, Chief

Chief of the Nez Percé c. 1840–1904

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Justinian I

Byzantine Emperor 482–565

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Kennan, George F.

U.S. Diplomat and Scholar 1904—

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Kenyatta, Jomo

First President of Kenya c.1891–1978

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Kerensky, Alexander

Prime Minister of Russia 1881–1970

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Khomeini, Ruhollah

Iranian Religious Leader 1902–1989

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Khrushchev, Nikita

Soviet Leader and Reformer 1894–1971

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King, Martin Luther, Jr.

U.S. Civil Rights Leader 1929–1968

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Kokhba, Bar

Jewish Rebel Leader d. 135 C.E.

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Kollontai, Aleksandra

Russian Socialist Feminist 1872–1952

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Las Casas, Bartolomé de

Roman Catholic Missionary and Opponent of Slavery 1474–1566

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Lawrence, Thomas Edward

British Soldier and Writer 1888–1935

chapter |1 pages

Lenin, Vladimir Ilich

Founder of Soviet Communism 1870–1924

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Leopold II

King of Belgium and Colonial Ruler 1835–1909

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Lincoln, Abraham

Sixteenth President of the United States 1809–1865

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Livingstone, David

Scots Missionary and Explorer 1813–1873

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Louis XIV

King of France 1638–1715

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Luxemburg, Rosa

German Radical Socialist 1871–1919

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Madison, James

Fourth President of the United States 1751–1836

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Malcolm X

African-American Political and Religious Leader 1925–1965

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Mandela, Nelson

President of South Africa, Human Rights Leader 1918—

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Mansa Müsā

Emperor of Mali d. 1337

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Mao Tse-tung

Chinese Communist Leader 1893–1976

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Marcus Aurelius

Roman Emperor and Philosopher 121–180

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Maria Theresa

Empress of Austria 1717–1780

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Marshall, George

U.S. Soldier and Diplomat, Drafter of the Marshall Plan 1880–1959

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Marx, Karl

Revolutionary Socialist 1818–1883

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Mazzini, Giuseppe

Nineteenth-Century Italian Nationalist 1805–1872

chapter |1 pages

Mehmed II

Ottoman Sultan c. 1432–1481

chapter |1 pages

Menelik II

Ethiopian Emperor 1844–1913

chapter |1 pages

Menes

Egyptian Pharaoh c. 2925 B.C.E.

chapter |1 pages

Metternich, Klemens von

Austrian Diplomat 1773–1859

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Montezuma II

Aztec Leader c. 1466–1520

chapter |1 pages

Mu'āwiyah I

Founder of the Umayyad Dynasty c. 605–680

chapter |1 pages

Mugabe, Robert

President of Zimbabwe 1924–

chapter |1 pages

Mussolini, Benito

Italian Dictator and Founder of the Fascist Movement 1883–1945

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Napoléon I

Emperor of France 1769–1821

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Nasser, Gamai Abdel

President of Egypt 1918–1970

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Nehru, Jawaharlal

First Prime Minister of India 1889–1964

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Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia 1868–1918

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Nightingale, Florence

Pioneer of Modern Nursing 1820–1910

chapter |1 pages

Nkrumah, Kwame

Leader of Ghana 1909–1972

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Nyerere, Julius

First Leader of Independent Tanzania 1922–1999

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Osei Bonsu

Ruler of African Asante Kingdom c. 1779–1824

chapter |1 pages

Otto I

Founder of the Holy Roman Empire 912–973

chapter |1 pages

Owen, Robert

Utopian Visionary 1771–1858

chapter |1 pages

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui

Founder of the Incan Empire c. 1408–c. 1474

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Pankhurst, Emmeline

Leader of Women's Suffrage Movement in Great Britain 1858–1928

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Pericles

Ruler of Ancient Athens c. 495–429 B.C.

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Perón, Eva Duarte de

Argentinean Populist 1919–1952

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Peter I

Reformer of the Russian Empire 1672–1725

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Philip II

King of Spain 1527–1598

chapter |1 pages

Pizarro, Francisco

Spanish Conqueror of Peru c. 1470–1541

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Pot Pol

Cambodian Political Leader c. 1925–1998

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P'u-i

Last Emperor of China 1906–1967

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Rama IV

King of Siam (Thailand) and Modernizer 1804–1868

chapter |1 pages

Ramses II

Egyptian Pharaoh d. 1213 B.C.E.

chapter |1 pages

Rashid, Hārūn ar-

Caliph of Abbasid Empire 766–809

chapter |1 pages

Rhodes, Cecil

British Administrator in South Africa 1853–1902

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Richard I

King of England and Leader of the Third Crusade 1157–1199

chapter |1 pages

Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis

Royal Advisor to King Louis XIII 1585–1642

chapter |1 pages

Robespierre, Maximilien

French Revolutionary and Leader of the Radical Jacobin Club 1758–1794

chapter |1 pages

Romero, Oscar

Roman Catholic Archbishop of El Salvador 1917–1980

chapter |1 pages

Roosevelt, Eleanor

American Political Activist and First Lady 1884–1962

chapter |1 pages

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

Thirty-Second President of the United States 1882–1945

chapter |1 pages

Roosevelt, Theodore

Twenty-Sixth President of the United States 1858–1919

chapter |1 pages

Sadat, Anwar as-

President of Egypt 1918–1981

chapter |1 pages

Sakharov, Andrei

Soviet Nuclear Weapons Researcher and Political Dissident 1921–1989

chapter |1 pages

Saladin

Muslim Military and Political Leader 1137–1195

chapter |1 pages

San Martín, José de

South American Revolutionary 1778–1850

chapter |1 pages

Sa‘ūd, Abd al-Azizibn

Creator of Modern Saudi Arabia c. 1876–1953

chapter |1 pages

Schuman, Robert

Architect of European Unity 1886–1963

chapter |1 pages

Senghor, Léopold Sédar

Writer and Leader of Senegal 1906-

chapter |1 pages

Shaka

Zulu Ruler c. 1787–1828

chapter |1 pages

Shih Huang-ti

Unifier of Ancient China c. 259–210/209 B.C.E.

chapter |1 pages

Spartacus

Leader of Roman Slave Rebellion d. 71 B.C.

chapter |1 pages

Stalin, Joseph

Soviet Dictator 1879–1953

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Steinem, Gloria

Feminist Activist and Writer 1934-

chapter |1 pages

Suharto

Indonesian Political Leader 1921-

chapter |1 pages

Sukarno

Indonesian Political Leader 1901–1970

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Suleyman I

Ottoman Sultan c. 1494–1566

chapter |1 pages

Sunni Ali

Ruler of Songhay Empire c. 1440–1492

chapter |1 pages

Sun Yat-sen

Founder of Chinese Republic 1866–1925

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Suryavarman II

Cambodian King and Builder of Angkor Wat 1098–c. 1150

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Thatcher, Margaret

British Prime Minister 1925-

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Timur

Central Asian Conqueror c. 1336–1405

chapter |1 pages

Tito

Leader of Yugoslavia 1892–1980

chapter |1 pages

Tojo Hideki

Japanese Military and Political Leader 1884–1948

chapter |1 pages

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Shogun of Japan 1543–1616

chapter |1 pages

Topa Inca Yupanqui

Incan Emperor c. 1440–1493

chapter |1 pages

Toussaint-Louverture

Revolutionary Leader of Haiti c. 1743–1803

chapter |1 pages

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Unifier of Modern Japan 1536–1598

chapter |1 pages

Trotsky, Leon

Communist Revolutionary and Opponent of Stalinism 1879–1940

chapter |1 pages

Truman, Harry S.

Thirty-Third President of the United States 1884–1972

chapter |1 pages

Tupac Amarú

Peruvian Rebel c. 1742–1781

chapter |1 pages

Tutu, Desmond

Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; Opponent of Apartheid 1931-

chapter |1 pages

‘Ubayd Allāh

Founder of the Fatimid Empire in Africa d. 936

chapter |1 pages

‘Umar I

Early Proponent of Islam and Second Caliph c. 586–644

chapter |1 pages

Walesa, Lech

Founder of Solidarity and President of Poland 1943-

chapter |1 pages

Washington, Booker Taliaferro

African-American Leader and Educator 1856–1915

chapter |1 pages

Washington, George

First President of the United States 1732–1799

chapter |1 pages

Wen-ti

Chinese Emperor 541–604

chapter |1 pages

William I

First Norman King of England c. 1027–1087

chapter |1 pages

William II

Emperor of Germany 1859–1941

chapter |1 pages

Wilson, Woodrow

Twenty-Eighth President of the United States 1856–1924

chapter |1 pages

Wollstonecraft, Mary

British Author and Feminist 1759–1797

chapter |1 pages

Yeltsin, Boris

President of Russia 1931-

chapter |1 pages

Zapata, Emiliano

Mexican Revolutionary 1879–1919