Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850

Abildgaard, Nicolai Abraham 1743–1809: Danish Painter and Architect

Adolphe 1816: Novel by Henri-Benjamin Constant De Rebecque

Aesthetics and Art Criticism

Agoult, Marie D' 1805–1876: French Author

Alastor; Or the Spirit of Solitude 1816: Poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Alecsandri, Vasile 1818–1890: Romanian Poet, Dramatist, Folklorist, and Politician

Alfieri, Vittorio 1749–1803: Italian Dramatist, Poet, And Writer

Alkan, Charles-Valentin (Morhange) 1813–1888: French Pianist and Composer

Allston, Washington 1779–1843: American Painter

Almqvist, Carl Jonas Love 1793–1866: Swedish Poet

American Revolution 1775–1783

American Romanticism: Approaches and Interpretations

American Romanticism: Its Literary Legacy

Andersen, Hans Christian 1805–1875: Danish Novelist, Playwright, Poet, And Writer of Fairy Tales

Arndt, Ernst Moritz 1769–1860: German Historian, Propagandist, And Poet

Arnim, Achim Von 1781–1831: German Writer

Arnim, Bettina Von 1785–1859: German Writer

Art

Art Academies, Exhibitions, and Patronage

Art and Classical Antiquity

Art and Medievalism

Art and Politics

Artist, Changing Conceptions of The

Asbjørnsen, Peter Christen 1812–1885, and Jørgen Moe 1813–1882: Collectors and Publishers of Norwegian Folktales

Atala Au Tombeau 1808: Painting by Anne-Louis Girodet De Roussy-Trioson (Known as Girodet)

Atterbom, Per Daniel Amadeus 1790–1855: Swedish Poet

Audubon, John James 1785–1851: Artist and Naturalist

Austen, Jane 1775–1817: English Novelist

Autobiographical Writing: Britain

Autobiographical Writing: Germany

Baillie, Joanna 1762–1852: British Dramatist and Poet

Balkans: Historical and Cultural Survey

Baltic Region: Historical and Cultural Survey

Balzac, Honoré De 1799–1850: French Novelist and Dramatist

Baratynskii (Boratynskii), Evgenii Abramovich 1800–1844: Russian Poet

Barbauld, Anna Letitia 1743–1825: British Poet, Essayist, And Editor

Il Barbiere De Siviglia (The Barber Of Seville): Drama Giccoso in four Acts by Giovanni Paisiello, 1782 Comedia in two Acts by Gioachino Antonio Rossini, 1816

Barye, Antoine-Louis 1796–1875: French Sculptor, Painter, Printmaker

Batiushkov, Konstantin Nikolaevich 1787–1855: Russian Poet

Baudelaire, Charles (Pierre) 1821–1867: French Poet, Critic, And Translator

Beattie, James 1735–1803: Scottish Poet, Moral Philosopher, Aesthetician, And Man of Letters

Beckford, William Thomas 1760–1844: English Writer and Collector

Beddoes, Thomas Lovell 1803–1849: English Poet and Playwright

Beethoven, Ludwig Van 1770–1827: German Composer

Beets, Nicolaas 1814–1903: Dutch Pastor, Poet, and Writer

Belinskii, Vissarion Grigorievich 1811–1848: Russian Critic

Bellini, Vincenzo 1801–1835: Italian Opera Composer

Bentham, Jeremy 1748–1832: British Philosopher, Jurist, and Reformer

Béranger, Pierre-Jean De 1780–1857: French Poet and Songwriter

Berchet, Giovanni 1783–1851: Italian Poet, Essayist, and Translator

Berlioz, Hector 1803–1869: French Composer, Conductor, And Music Critic

Bernardin De Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri (1737–1814): French Writer

Bertrand, Aloysius (Louis) 1807–1841: French Poet

Bestuzhev-Marlinskii, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 1797–1837: Russian Writer, Poet, Critic, and Revolutionary

Bewick, Thomas 1753–1828: English Printmaker and Illustrator

Biedermeier

Bilderdijk, Willem 1756–1831: Dutch Poet, Jurist, Scholar, And Writer

Bingham, George Caleb 1811–1879: American Painter

Biographia Literaria, or Biographical Sketches of my Literary Life and Opinions 1817: Biography by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Blake, William 1757–1827: English Poet, Painter, Prophet, Engraver, And Illustrator

Blechen, Carl 1797–1840: German Landscape Painter

Blicher, Steen Steensen 1782–1848: Danish Writer

Bonaparte, Napoleon 1769–1821: Emperor of France, 1804–1814 and 1815

Bonington, Richard Parkes 1802–1828: British Painter

Book Illustration

Borel, Petrus (Joseph-Pétrus Borel D'Hauterive) 1809–1859: French Poet and Writer

Boullée, Étienne-Louis 1728–1799: French Architect

Brentano, Clemens 1778–1842: German Poet

Britain: Cultural Survey

Britain: Historical Survey

British Romanticism: Approaches and Interpretations: Contemporary Voices

British Romanticism: Literary Legacy

Brontë, Anne 1820–1849: British Novelist

Brontë, Charlotte 1816–1855: English Novelist and Poet

Brontë, Emily (Jane) 1818–1848: English Novelist and Poet

“The Bronze Horseman” (“Mednyi Vsadnik”): Poem, 1833 (First Published in 1837) by Alexander Pushkin

Brown, Charles Brockden 1771–1810: American Writer

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 1806–1861: English Poet

Browning, Robert 1812–1889: English Poet

Brownson, Orestes Augustus 1803–1876: American Author

Brulloff, Carl (Karl Bryullov, Bruleau, Brüllo) 1799–1852: Russian Painter

Bryant, William Cullen 1794–1878: American Poet and Editor

Büchner, Georg 1813–1837: German Playwright, Writer, Scientist, And Political Activist

Bulfinch, Charles 1763–1844: American Architect

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward 1803–1873: English Writer

Burke, Edmund 1729–1797: British Statesman and Political Thinker

Burns, Robert 1759–1796: Scottish Poet

Byron, Lord George Noel Gordon 1788–1824: British Poet

Byronism

Canova, Antonio 1757–1822: Italian Sculptor

CANTI 1845: Collection of Poetry by Giacomo Leopardi

Los Caprichos (The Caprices) 1799: Etchings with Aquatint by Francisco Jose' De Goya Y Lucientes

Caricature

Carlyle, Thomas 1795–1881: Scottish Essayist and Historian

Carstens, Asmus Jacob 1754–1798: Danish-German Artist

Carus, Carl Gustav 1789–1869: German Landscape Painter, Theoretician, Physician, and Scientist

Castilho, António Feliciano De 1800–1875: Portuguese Poet, Critic, and Translator

The Castle of Otranto 1764: Novel by Horace Walpole

Catholicism

Chamber Music

Chamisso, Adelbert von 1781–1838: German Author, Poet, Explorer, Naturalist

Chassériau, Théodore 1819–1856: French Painter

Chateaubriand, François-Auguste-René, Vicomte de 1768–1848: French Novelist, Critic, and Statesman

Chatterton 1835: Play by Alfred de Vigny

Chatterton, Thomas 1752–1770: English Poet

Chenier, André 1762–1794: French Poet, Writer, and Political Journalist

Cherubini, Maria Luigi 1760–1842: Italian Composer

Child, Lydia Maria Francis 1802–1880: American Writer, Editor, and Activist

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 1812–1818: Poem in Four Cantos by Lord Byron

Childhood

Children's Literature

Chopin, Frédéric François 1810–1849: Polish Composer and Pianist

Choral Music

City and Village

Clairmont, Claire 1797–1879: British Woman of Letters

Clare, John 1793–1864: British Poet

Classical Antiquity

Clausewitz, Carl von 1780–1831: German Philosopher

Clementi, Muzio 1752–1832: Italian Pianist, Composer, Music Publisher, and Piano Manufacturer Domiciled in England

Cobbett, William 1763–1835: English Journalist

Cole, Thomas 1801–1848: American Artist and Author

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 1772–1834: English Poet and Philosopher

Comte, Isidore-Auguste-Marie-François-Xavier 1798–1857: French Philosopher and Sociologist

The Concept of Anxiety (Begrebet Angest) 1844: Philosophical Treatise by Søren Kierkegaard

Concerto

Confessions of an English Opium-Eater 1821: Novel by Thomas de Quincey

Les Confessions (The Confessions), 1764–1770: Autobiography by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Conscience, Hendrik 1812–1883: Flemish Novelist

Constable, John 1776–1837: English Painter

Constant de Rebecque, Henri-Benjamin 1767–1830: Swiss-French Political Theorist and Novelist

Cooper, James Fenimore 1789–1851: American Novelist

Corot, Jean-Baptiste–Camille 1796–1875: French Painter

Cosmology

Cotman, John Sell 1782–1842: British Watercolorist

Courbet, Gustave 1819–77: French Painter

Cousin, Victor 1792–1867: French Philosopher

Cowper, William 1731–1800: English Poet

Cozens, Alexander 1717–1786, and John Robert 1752–1797: Landscape Artist, Theorist, Teacher; Landscape Painter, Draughtsman, and Printmaker

Crabbe, George 1754–1832: English Poet

The Creation 1798: Oratorio by Franz Joseph Haydn

Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John (Michel-Guillaume-Jean) de 1735–1813: French-American Writer

Crime and Punishment

Critique of Judgment 1790: Philosophical Treatise by Immanuel Kant

Crome, John 1768–1821: English Artist

Cruikshank, George 1792–1878: English Artist, Caricaturist, and Illustrator

Cuoco, Vincenzo 1770–1823: Italian Historian and Politician

Cuvier, Georges 1769–1832: French Scientist

Czech and Slovak Romanticism

Czerny, Carl 1791–1857: Austrian Pianist and Composer

Dacre, Charlotte c. 1772–1825: English Novelist and Poet

Dadd, Richard 1819–1887

Dahl, Johan Christian Clausen 1788–1857: Norwegian Painter

Dalton, John 1766–1844: English Scientist

Dance: Ballet

Dance: Popular

Dandy

Dantons Tod (Danton's Death) 1835: Play by Georg Buchner

Daumier, Honoré(-Victorin) 1808–1879: French Graphic Artist, Painter, and Sculptor

David, Jacques–Louis 1748–1825: French Painter

Davy, Humphry 1778–1829

Day, Thomas 1748–1789: British Essayist, Novelist, and Poet

De L'allemagne (On Germany) 1810: Critical Work by Anne-Louise-Germaine De Staël

De Quincey, Thomas 1785–1859: English Essayist and Critic

Deconstruction and Romantic Literature

Dedham Vale 1828: Painting by John Constable

The Deerslayer; or, the First War-Path 1841: Novel by James Fenimore Cooper

Delacroix, (Ferdinand-) Eugène (-Victor) 1798–1863: French Painter

Delaroche, Paul 1797–1856: French Painter

Desbordes-Valmore, Marceline 1786–1859: French Poet

Deschamps, (Anne-Louis-Frédéric) Emile 1791–1871

Dichterliebe 1840: Lieder Cycle by Robert Schumann

Dickens, Charles 1812–1870: English Novelist

Don Giovanni: Opera in Two Acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Don Juan 1 819–1824: Book-Length Poem by Lord Byron

Don Juan: Themes and Contexts

Donizetti, (Domenico) Gaetano (Maria) 1797–1848: Italian Composer

Douglass, Frederick 1818–1895: African American Spokesman, Leader, Activist, and Writer

Drama: Britain

Drama: France

Drama: Germany

Dreams and Dreaming

Droste-Hülshoff, Annette von 1797–1848: German Poet

Drugs and Addiction

Dueling

Dumas, Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie 1802–1870: French Dramatist, Novelist, and Travel Writer

Dussek, Jan Ladislav 1760–1812: Bohemian Composer and Pianist

Dziady (Forefathers' Eve) 18 23–1832: Verse Drama by Adam Mickiewicz

Echeverría, Esteban 1805–1851: Argentine Poet, Writer, And Social Reformer

Economics

Edgeworth, Maria 1767–1849: British Novelist

Education

Eichendorff, Joseph Freiherr Von 1788–1857: German Poet and Novelist

Electricity And Magnetism

Elohim Creating Adam 1795: Color Print by William Blake

Emerson, Ralph Waldo 1803–1882: American Writer

Epic

Eroica 1803: Symphony No. 3 by Ludwig Van Beethoven

Espronceda Y Delgado, José De 1808–1842: Spanish Poet and Revolutionary

Essays: First Series 1841: Ralph Waldo Emerson

Etudes D'Éxécution Transcendente 1852: Set of Piano Pieces by Franz Liszt (1811–86)

Eurico, O Presbítero (Eurico, The Priest) 1844: Historical Novel by Alexandre Herculano De Carvalho E Araùjo

Europe, 1760–1850: Historical Survey

Evgenii Onegin (Eugene Onegin) 1833 (Written 1823–1831): Novel in Verse by Alexandr Pushkin

Fantasy in C Major, Op. 17 1837: Piano Composition by Robert Schumann

Fashion

Faust: Part 1, 1808; Part 2, 1832: Drama by Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

Fear and Trembling: A Dialectical Lyric (Frygt OG Bæven: Dialectisk Lyrik) 1843: Johannes De Silentio (John of Silence; Pseudonym of Søren Kierkegaard)

Feminist Approaches to Romantic Literature

Feuerbach, Ludwig 1804–1872: German Philosopher

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 1762–1814: German Philosopher

Fiction: Britain

Fiction: France

Fiction: Germany

Fiction: United States

Fidelio, Op. 72 1805: Opera by Ludwig Van Beethoven

Field, John 1782–1837: Irish Composer and Pianist

Flaxman, John 1755–1826: British Sculptor and Designer

Fohr, Carl Philipp 1795–1818: German Artist

Folk Literature: Britain

Folk Literature: Germany

Folk Songs

Forster, (Johann) Georg(e) (Adam) 1754–1794: German Scientist, Philosopher, Essayist, And Cultural Critic

Foscolo, Ugo 1778–1827: Italian Poet and Literary Critic

Fouqué, Caroline De La Motte 1774–1831: German Writer

Fouqué, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron De La Motte 1777–1843: German Writer

Fourier, Charles 1771–1837: French Social Theorist

Fragment

France, 1760 to the Revolution

France, 1815–1852

France: Revolution and Empire

Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus 1818: Novel by Mary Shelley

Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen (The Travels of Franz Sternbald) 1798: Novel by Ludwig Tieck

Fraternity

Der Freischütz 1821: Opera by Carl Maria Von Weber

French Revolution: Its Impact and Importance

French Romanticism: Its Literary Legacy

Friedrich, Caspar David 1774–1840: German Landscape Painter

Fuller, Sarah Margaret 1810–1850: American Writer and Journalist

Fur Traders Descending the Missouri 1845: Painting by George Caleb Bingham

Fuseli, Henry: 1741–1825: Swiss-Born Painter

Gainsborough, Thomas 1727–1788: British Painter

Galt, John 1779–1839: Scottish Novelist

García Gutiérrez, Antonio 1813–1884: Spanish Dramatist

Garrett, João Baptista Da Silva Leitão De Almeida 1799–1854: Portuguese Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, and Critic

Gautier, Théophile 1811–1872: French Poet, Novelist, And Critic

Gay Approaches to the Romantic Period

Gender

Genius

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne 1772–1844

Gérard, François-Pascal-Simon 1770–1837: French Painter

Géricault, Jean Louis André Théodore 1791–1824: French Painter and Graphic Artist

German Idealism: Its Philosophical Legacy

German Romanticism: Its Literary Legacy

Germany: Cultural Survey

Germany: Historical Survey

Gillray, James 1757–1815: English Caricaturist

Girodet De Roussy-Trioson, Anne-Louis 1767–1824: French Painter

Girtin, Thomas 1775–1802: English Painter

Giselle, Ou Les Wilis 1841: Ballet by Jean Coralli and Jules Perrot

Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich 1804–1857: Russian Composer

Godwin, William 1756–1836: British Political Philosopher, Novelist, And Biographer

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von 1749–1832: German Poet, Novelist, Playwright, and Natural Philosopher

Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich 1809–1852: Russian Prose Writer and Dramatist

Gómez De Avellaneda, Gertrudis 1814–1873: Cuban-Spanish Poet, Dramatist, and Prose Writer

Görres, Johann Joseph Von 1776–1848: German Man of Letters

Gothic Fiction

Gothic Revival

Göttinger Hain

Gounod, Charles 1818–1893: French Composer

Goya Y Lucientes, Francisco José De 1746–1828: Spanish Painter

Grabbe, Christian Dietrich 1801–1836: German Playwright

Graveyard Poets

Greece: Cultural and Historical Survey

Griboedov, Aleksandr Sergeevich 1795–1829: Russian Writer

Grillparzer, Franz 1791–1872: Austrian Dramatist

Grimm, Jakob Ludwig Carl 1785–1863, And Wilhelm Karl 1786–1859: German Philologists, Ethnographers, Editors

Gros, Antoine-Jean 1771–1835: French Painter

Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin 1783–1872: Danish Priest and Writer

Guillaume Tell (William Tell) 1829: Opera by Gioacchino Antonio Rossini

Günderrode, Karoline Von 1780–1806: German Poet

Halévy, Jacques François 1799–1862: French Composer

Hallgrímsson, Jónas 1807–1845: Icelandic Poet

Hamann, Johann Georg 1730–1788: German Philosopher and Theologian

Das Hammerklavier (Piano Sonata No. 29, OP. 106): Ludwig Van Beethoven

Happiness

Hartzenbusch, Juan Eugenio 1806–1888: Spanish Playwright

Haskalah

Hauff, Wilhelm 1802–1827: German Prose Writer

Hawthorne, Nathaniel 1804–1864: American Novelist and Short Story Writer

Haydn, Franz Joseph 1732–1809: Austro-German Composer

Hazlitt, William 1778–1830: English Essayist, Critic, Metaphysician, and Polemicist

Hebbel, Friedrich 1813–1863: German Dramatist

The “Hebrides” Overture, OP. 29 1832: Musical Composition by Felix Mendelssohn

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 1770–1831: German Philosopher

Heine, Heinrich 1797–1856: German Poet

Heinrich von Ofterdingen 1802: Novel by Novalis

Hemans, Felicia 1793–1835: English Poet and Dramatist

Herculano, Alexandre 1810–1877: Portuguese Poet, Novelist, Historian, and Critic

Herder, Johann Gottfried 1744–1803: German Critic, Theologian, and Philosopher

Heredia, Jose María de 1803–1839: Cuban Poet

Hermeneutics

Hernani Ou L'honneur Castillan (Hernani, or Castilian Honor) 1830: Play by Victor Hugo

Hero

A Hero of our Time (Geroy Nashego Vremeni) 1840: Novel by Mikhail Lermontov

Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich 1812–1870: Russian Writer and Journalist

Hess, Moses 1812–1875: German-Jewish Journalist and Historian

Histoire de France (The History of France) 1833–1844, 1855–1867: Study by Jules Michelet

Historiography: Britain

Historiography: France

Historiography: Germany

Historiography: United States

History Painting: Britain

History Painting: Germany

Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor (Wilhelm) Amadeus 1776–1822: German Writer

Hogg, James 1770–1835: Scottish Poet and Novelist

Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich 1770–1843: German Poet

Holmes, Oliver Wendell 1809–1894: American Physician and Writer

Homosexuality

Hood, Thomas 1799–1845: English Poet, Cartoonist, Novelist, and Editor

A Horse Frightened by a Lion 17 70: Painting by George Stubbs

Houdon, Jean-Antoine 1741–1828:French Sculptor

Huet, Paul 1803–1869: French Landscape Artist

Hugo, Victor Marie 1802–1885: French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, and Critic

Les Huguenots 1836: Opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer

Die Hülsenbeckschen Kinder (The Hülsenbeck Children) 1805–1806: Painting by Philipp Otto Runge

Humboldt, Alexander Von 1769–1859: German Natural Scientist and Explorer

Humboldt, Wilhelm von 1767–1835: German Philosopher, Politician, and Educator

Hummel, Johann Nepomuk 1778–1837: Austrian Composer, Pianist, and Conductor

Hungary: Cultural Survey

Hungary: Historical Survey

Hunt, Leigh 1784–1859: English Essayist, Poet, Critic, Editor, and Journalist

Hymnen an Die Nacht (Hymns to the Night), 1800: Poem by Novalis

Hyperion Oder der Eremit in Griechenland (Hyperion, or the Hermit in Greece) 1797, 1799: Novel by Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin

Image and Metaphor

Imagination

In Memoriam A.H.H. 1850: Poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Inchbald, Elizabeth 1753–1821: English Actress, Playwright, and Novelist

Individualism

Industrial Revolution

Ingemann, Bernhard Severin 1789–1862: Danish Writer

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique 1780–1867: French Painter

Ireland: Historical Survey

Irony, Romantic

Irving, Washington 1783–1859: American Writer, Essayist, Biographer, and Historian

Ivanov, Alexander andreyevich 1806–1858: Russian Painter

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich 1743–1819: German Philosopher and Novelist

Jane Eyre 1847: Novel by Charlotte Brontë

János Vitéz: Poem by Sandor Petöfi

Jews

Jókai, Mór (MAURUS) 1825–1904: Hungarian Writer and Journalist

Journals and Periodicals: Germany

Journals and Periodicals: Jewish

Journals and Periodicals: Russia

Journals and Periodicals: United States

Journal of Eugène Delacroix 1822–1824, 1847–1863

Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de 1744–1811: Spanish Writer

Judaism 1760–1850

Julie, Ou la Nouvelle Héloïse 1761: Novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Junges Deutschland

Kalevala 1835, 1849: Finnish National Epic Collected and Compiled by Elias Lönnrot and other Folklorists

Kalvos, Andreas 1792–1869: Greek Poet

Kant, Immanuel 1724–1804: German Philosopher

Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovic 1787–1864: Serbian Poet and Language Reformer

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich 1766–1826: Russian Poet, Historian, and Journalist

Kauffmann, Angelika 1741–1807: Swiss Painter

Kean, Edmund c. 1787–1833: English Actor

Keats, John 1795–1821: English Poet

Kerner, Justinus Andreas Christian 1786–1862: German Physician and Writer

Kersting, Georg Friedrich 1785–1847: German Artist

Khomyakov, Aleksey Stepanovich 1804–1860: Russian Poet, Playwright, Critic, Journalist, Theologian

Kierkegaard, Søren 1813–1855: Danish Philosopher and Theologian

Kleist, Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm Von 1777–1811: German Playwright and Writer

Klenze, Leo von 1784–1864: German Architect, Painter, and Writer

Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb 1724–1803: German Poet

Købke, Christen Schiellerup 1810–1848: Danish Painter

Koch, Joseph Anton 1768–1839: German Landscape Painter

Kogălniceanu, Mihail 1817–1891: Moldavian Writer

Koraïs, Adamantios 1748–1833: Greek Scholar, Essayist, and Language Reformer

Kordian: Play by Juliusz Słowacki

Krasiński, Zygmunt (Spiridion Prawdzicki) 1812–1859: Polish Poet and Dramatist

Krochmal, Nachman 1785–1840: Austrian Jewish Scholar

Kubla Khan 1816: Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

The Lady of Shalott 1832: Poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine De Monet, Chevalier De 1744–1829: French Biologist and Paleontologist

Lamartine, Alphonse Marie-Louis Prat De 1790–1869: French Poet and Statesman

Lamb, Charles 1775–1834: British Critic and Essayist

Lamennais, Félicité De 1782–1854: French Priest and Writer

Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and other Poems 1820: Edition by John Keats

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth 1802–1838: English Poet and Novelist

Landor, Walter Savage 1775–1864: English Writer

Landscape and Garden Design

Landscape Painting: Britain

Landscape Painting: France

Landscape Painting: Germany

Language

Laplace, Pierre-Simon De 1749–1827: French Mathematician, Astronomer, and Physicist

Larra, Mariano José De 1809–1837: Spanish Journalist and Satirist

Latin America, the Caribbean, and the West Indies: Cultural Survey

Latin America, the Caribbean, and the West Indies: Historical Survey

Lavater, Johann Caspar 1741–1801: Swiss Theologian and Physiognomist

Lawrence, Thomas 1769–1830: English Painter

Leaves of Grass: Edition by Walt Whitman

Lebensohn, Abraham (Dov Ber Ben Chayyim) 1789–1878 and Micah Joseph 1828–1852: Lithuanian Jewish Writers

Lelewel, Joachim 1786–1861: Polish Historian, Politician

Lenau, Nikolaus 1802–1850: Austrian Poet

Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold 1751–1792: German Writer

Leopardi, Giacomo 1798–1837: Italian Poet and Writer

Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich 1814–1841: Russian Poet, Dramatist, And Novelist

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 1729–1781: German Dramatist, Critic, and Aesthetician

Letters: Britain

Letters: Germany

Letters: United States

Lewis, Matthew Gregory 1775–1818: English Novelist, Playwright, And Poet

Liberty

Liberty Leading the People 1830: Painting by Eugene Delacroix

Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph 1742–1799: German Physicist and Satirical Writer

Lieder

Lieder Cycle

Lind, Jenny (Johanna Maria) 1820–1887: Swedish Singer

Liszt, Franz 1811–1886: Hungarian Pianist and Composer

Literary Criticism: Britain

Literary Criticism: France

Literary Criticism: Germany

Literature

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 1807–1882: American Poet

Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques 1740–1812: French Painter, Stage and Costume Designer, Inventor, Occultist, and Faith Healer

Love, Romantic

Lucinde 1799: Novel by Friedrich Von Schlegel

Lyric

Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems 1798: Poetry Collection by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth

Lord Macaulay, Thomas Babbington 1800–1859: English Historian

Mademoiselle De Maupin. Double Amour 1835: Novel by Théophile Gautier

Madness

Maimon, Solomon 1754–1800

Maistre, Joseph-Marie De 1753–1821: French Writer

Malczewski, Antoni 1793–1826: Polish Poet

Mapu, Abraham 1808–1867: Hebrew Novelist

Die Marquise Von O … 1808: Story by Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm Von Kleist

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 1790: Illuminated Book by William Blake

Martin, John 1789–1854: English Painter

Mary, Countess of Richmond 1785–1788: Painting by Thomas Gainsborough

Maturin, Charles Robert 1782–1824: Irish Novelist and Dramatist

Medicine

Les Meditations Poetiques 1820: Verse Collection by Alphonse Marie-Louis De Lamartine

Méhul, Étienne-Nicolas 1763–1817: French Composer

Melancholy

Melville, Herman 1819–1891: American Novelist and Poet

Memoires D'Outre-Tombe (Memoirs From Beyond The Grave) 1848–1850: Memoirs by François-Auguste-René, Vicomte De Chateaubriand

Mendelssohn, Moses 1729–1786: German Jewish Philosopher

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix 1809–1847: German Composer

Mendelssohn-Hensel, Fanny 1805–1847: German Composer

Mérimée, Prosper 1803–1870: French Short Story Writer

Mesmerism

Meyerbeer, Giacomo (Jakob Liebmann Meyer Beer) 1791–1864: German Composer

Michelet, Jules 1798–1874: French Historian

Mickiewicz, Adam Bernard 1798–1855: Polish Poet

Middle Ages

Middle Class

Mill, John Stuart 1806–1873: English Utilitarian Philosopher

Milton, John/Paradise Lost 1667

Minardi, Tommaso 1787–1871: Italian Painter

Moby-Dick; or, the Whale 1851: Novel by Herman Melville

Mochnacki, Maurycy 1804–1834: Polish Literary Critic, Publicist

Modernity

Moments Musicaux, Op. 94 1828: Six Individual Works for the Piano by Franz Peter Schubert

Mondaufgang Am Meer (Moonrise over the Sea) 1822: Painting by Caspar David Friedrich

Moore, Thomas 1779–1852: Irish Poet, Songwriter, Playwright, Journalist, Historian, And Biographer

More, Hannah 1745–1833: English Poet, Playwright, Essayist, and Novelist

Mörike, Eduard 1804–1875: German Poet and Fiction Writer

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 1756–1791: Austrian Composer

Müller, Adam Heinrich 1779–1829: German Economist, Linguist, And Philosopher

Murger, Henry 1822–1862: French Writer

Music and Literature

Music: Performance and Patronage

Music, Romantic

Music, Romantic: After 1850

Musset, (Louis-Charles-) Alfred De 1810–1857: French Playwright and Poet

Mythology, Classical

Nabucco 1842: Opera by Giuseppe Verdi

Nachman of Bratslav 1772–1810: Hasidic Rabbi and Storyteller

Nachtstücke: Collection of Stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann

Napoleon Crossing the Alps at the Great Saint Bernard Pass 1801: Painting by Jacques-Louis David

Napoleon in the Pest House at Jaffa, 1804: Painting by Antoine-Jean Gros

Die Nachtwachen Des Bonaventura: Novel by Unknown Author

Nationalism

Natural Sciences

Nature

Naturphilosophie (Nature Philosophy)

Nazarene Art

Nerval, Gérard De 1808–1855: French Writer

Netherlands: Cultural Survey

Netherlands: Historical Survey

New World

Newman, John Henry 1801–1890: Religious Commentator and Poet

Nicolai, Friedrich 1733–1811: German Publisher, Editor, Critic, and Writer

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg 1776–1831: German Historian

Night

The Nightmare 1781: Painting by Henry Fuseli

Noble Savage

Nodier, Charles 1780–1844: French Short Story Writer

Norwid, Cyprian Kamil 1821–1883: Polish Poet

Notre-Dame De Paris (The Hunchback Of Notre Dame) 1831: Novel by Victor Hugo

Novalis (Friedrich Von Hardenberg) 1772–1801: German Poet

Oehlenschläger, Adam Gottlob 1779–1850: Danish Writer

Oersted, Hans Christian 1777–1851: Danish Scientist

Oken (Or Okenfuss), Lorenz 1779–1851: German Natural Scientist

Olivier, Juste 1807–1876: Swiss Writer

On Naive and Sentimental Poetry 1795–1796: Philosophical Treatise by Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller

Onslow, André Georges Louis 1784–1853: French Composer

Ophelia 1851–1852: Painting by John Everett Millais

Opie, Amelia 1769–1853: English Novelist and Poet

Orchestra

Orientalism: Literature and Scholarship

Ossian: Ancient Celtic Poet (Inauthentic)

Overbeck, Friedrich 1789–1869: German Painter

The Overcoat, (Shinel) 1842: Work of Fiction by Nikolai Gogol

Owen, Robert 1771–1858: British Industrialist, Philanthropist, and Social Theorist

Paganini, Niccolò 1782–1840: Violin Virtuoso and Composer

Paine, Thomas 1737–1809: English Political Writer

Palmer, Samuel 1805–1881: English Artist

Paludan-Müller, Frederik 1809–1876: Danish Writer

Pan-Slavism

Pan Tadeusz (Master Thaddeus, Or the Last Foray in Lithuania) 1834: Epic Poem by Adam Mickiewicz

Parker, Theodore 1810–1860: American Theologian and Social Reformer

Paul, Jean (Johann Paul Friedrich Richter) 1763–1825: German Novelist and Humorist

Peaceable Kingdom 1816–1849: Paintings by Edward Hicks

Peacock, Thomas Love 1785–1866: English Novelist and Poet

Peale, Charles Willson 1741–1827: American Painter

Pellico, Silvio 1789–1854: Italian Writer and Patriot

Le Père Goriot, 1834–1835: Novel by Honore De Balzac

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich 1746–1827: Swiss Educator and Philanthropist

Peter Schlemihls Wundersame Geschichte (The Strange Story of Peter Schlemihl) 1814: Novella by Adelbert Von Chamisso

Petöfi, Sándor 1823–1849: Hungarian Poet

Petrovic, Petar II Njegos 1813–1851: Prince-Bishop and National Poet of Montenegro

Pforr, Franz 1788–1812: German Painter

The Phenomenology of Spirit 1807: Philosophical Work by G. W. F. Hegel

Philhellenism

Piano

Picturesque

Piranesi, Giovanni Battista 1720–1778: Italian Architect and Engraver

Pixérécourt, René Charles Guilbert De 1773–1844: French Writer of Melodrama

Poe, Edgar Allan 1809–1849: American Writer

Poetry: Britain

Poetry: France

Poetry: Germany

Poland: Cultural Survey

Poland: Historical Survey

Polidori, John William 1795–1821: English Fiction Writer, Poet, and Physician

Political Thought

Portraiture: Britain

Portraiture: Germany

Portraiture and Self-Portraiture: United States

Portugal: Cultural Survey

Portugal: Historical Survey

Potgieter, Everhardus Johannes 1808–1875: Dutch Essayist, Poet, and Critic

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 1848–1853: Group of British Artists

Pre-Romanticism in Music

Pre-Romanticism: Britain

Pre-Romanticism: France

Pre-Romanticism: Germany

Priestley, Joseph 1733–1804: Philosopher and Scientist

Program Music and Tone Painting

Progress

Prometheus Unbound 1820: Poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 1809–1865: French Social Theorist

Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore 1812–1852: English Architect and Propagandist

Pushkin, Aleksandr 1799–1837: Russian Poet

Radcliffe, Ann 1764–1823: British Novelist

Rădulescu, Ion Heliade 1802–1872: Romanian Poet, Philologist, Literary Critic, and Cultural Entrepreneur

Raft of the Medusa 1819: Painting by Jean Louis Andre Théodore Géricault

Ranke, Leopold Von 1795–1886: German Historian

Rationalism and Irrationalism

Die Räuber (The Robbers) 1781: Play by Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller

Religion: Britain

Religion: Christianity

Religion: France

Religion: Germany

René 1802: Novel by François-Auguste-René, Vicomte De Chateaubriand

Repton, Humphry 1752–1818: English Landscape Gardener

Restif De La Bretonne (Restif, Nicolas-Edme) 1734–1806: French Writer

Rethel, Alfred 1816–1859: German Painter and Woodcut Artist

Revolution

Reynolds, Joshua 1723–1792: English Painter, Theorist, and President of the Royal Academy

Richter, Adrian Ludwig 1803–1884: German Painter and Illustrator

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 1798: Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Robert the Devil (Robert Le Diable) 1831: Score by Giacomo Meyerbeer, Libretto by Augustin-Eugène Scribe and Germain Delavigne

Robinson, Henry Crabb 1775–1867: English Diarist

Robinson, Mary Darby 1758–1800: British Poet, Novelist, Playwright

Roger and Angelica: Painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Romance: Musical and Literary Genre

Romanians

Die Romantische Schule (The Romantic School) 1832–1835: Collection of Literary Essays by Heinrich Heine

Romanzero (Romancero) 1851: Collection of Poems by Heinrich Heine

Rosmini Serbati, Antonio 1797–1855: Italian Philosopher

Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio 1792–1868: Italian Composer

Le Rouge Et Le Noir (The Red and the Black) 1830: Novel by Stendhal

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 1712–1778: Swiss Philosopher

Rückert, Friedrich 1788–1866: German Poet, Translator, and Orientalist

Runge, Philipp Otto 1777–1810: German Artist

Russia: Cultural Survey

Russia: Historical Survey

Saavedra, Angel Pérez de, Duke of Rivas 1791–1865: Spanish Poet, Dramatist, and Politician

Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion 1 812: Painting by John Martin

Sade, Marquis Donatien-Alphonse-François de 1740–1814: French Writer

Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin de 1804–1869: French Critic, Poet, Novelist, and Historian

Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri Bernardin de 1737–1814: French Writer

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de 1760–1825: French Social Theorist

Salieri, Antonio 1750–1825: Italian-Born Viennese Composer

Le Salon de 1846: Essay by Charles-Pierre Baudelaire

Salons and Literary Societies: Germany

Sand, George (Armandine-Aurore-Lucie Dudevant, Née Dupin) 1804–1876: French Writer

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 1811–1888: Argentine Writer and Statesman

Sartor Resartus (The Tailor Retailored) 1833: Novel by Thomas Carlyle

Satan and Satanism

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von 1779–1861: German Legal Historian

Scandinavia and Finland: Historical Survey

The Scarlet Letter, 1850: Novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne

Schadow, Johann Gottfried 1764–1850: German Sculptor and Illustrator

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von 1775–1854: German Philosopher

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von 1759–1805: German Dramatist, Poet, and Literary Theorist

Schinkel, Karl Friedrich 1781–1841: German Architect, Painter, and Designer

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von 1767–1845: German Critic, Philologist, Poet, Dramatist and Translator

Schlegel, Dorothea 1764–1839: German Translator, Critic, Novelist, and Poet

Schlegel, (Karl Wilhelm) Friedrich von 1772–1829: German Philologist and Philosopher

Schlegel-Schelling, Caroline 1763–1809: German Salon Hostess and Letter Writer

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel 1768–1834: German Theologian, Philosopher, and Pedagogue

Schopenhauer, Arthur 1788–1860: German Philosopher

Schubert, Franz Peter 1797–1828: Austrian Composer

Schumann, Robert Alexander 1810–1856: German Composer, Critic, and Writer

Schwind, Moritz von 1804–1871: German Painter

Science and the Arts

Science in Germany

Science of the Past

Scott, Sir Walter 1771–1832: English Novelist

Sculpture