ABSTRACT
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014
Oulu, Finland
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
14.2 Theoretical Aspects of PA Techniques Used in Glucose Measurements . . . . . 422
14.3 Optical Sources and Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
14.4 PA Glucose Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
14.5 Problems and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
This chapter first offers an introduction to the photoacoustic (PA) effect, PA tech-
niques and chemical trace measurements, followed by a discussion on theoretical
aspects of applying pulsed PA techniques to the study of fluids and tissues, with a
focus on glucose measurements. Next, commonly used optical sources and detection
techniques are presented, complemented by a description and discussion on in vitro
studies of glucose determination in water, tissue phantoms, tissues and blood. This
section is complemented by a concise review of in vivo studies on animals and hu-
man subjects. Finally, major problems of PA glucose determination are summarized
and future perspectives are sketched.
