ABSTRACT
Figure 3.6 Age-and sex-specific prevalence of migraine based on a meta-analytic summary of 18 population-based studies. Adapted with permission from Scher AI, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Migraine and headache: A meta-analytic approach. In: Crombie I, ed. Epidemiology of Pain. Seattle: IASP Press, 1999:159-70
Pr ev
al en
ce r
at io
( fe
m al
e to
m al
e)
Age (years)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
1.5
2.0
15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 82
Figure 3.4 Women are more commonly affected by headache than men. This graph shows the prevalence ratio of migraine headache (females to males) over a lifetime. Adapted with permission from Lipton RB, Stewart WF. Migraine in the United States: a review of epidemiology and health care use. Neurology 1993;43(Suppl 3):S6-10
M ig
ra in
e pr
ev al
en ce
( %
)
Age (years)
20 30 40 50 60 80 9070
Female
Male Figure 3.5 Age-specific prevalence of migraine among women and men in a US study. Adapted with permission from Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Celentano DD, Reed ML. Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States. JAMA 1992;267:64-9
Pr ev
al en
ce r
at io
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
Household income
< $10 000 ‡$45 000$10 000-$19 999
$20 000-$29 999
$30 000-$44 999
< $10 000 ‡$45 000$10 000-$19 999
$20 000-$29 999
$30 000-$44 999
Females Males
Figure 3.7 Migraine prevalence is inversely proportional to income, with the low income groups having the highest prevalence. Adapted with permission from Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Celentano DD, Reed ML. Undiagnosed migraine headaches.A comparison of symptom-based and reported physician diagnosis. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1273-8
C um
ul at
iv e
pe rc
en ta
ge o
ft ot
al lo
st w
or ki
ng d
ay e
qu iv
al en
ts
Sufferers (%)
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Females Malesa b
Figure 3.8 Fifty percent of female migraineurs and almost 40% of male migraineurs accounted for approximately 90% of lost working day equivalents. Adapted with permission from Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Simon D. Work-related disability: Results from the American Migraine Study. Cephalalgia 1996;16:231-8
Su ffe
re rs
( %
)
0 5 10 15 20
Age (years)
25 30 35 40
Probands with epilepsy Relatives with epilepsy Relatives without epilepsy
Figure 3.11 Cumulative incidence of migraine headache, by age, in probands with epilepsy (red), relatives with epilepsy (yellow) and relatives without epilepsy (green). Adapted with permission from Ottman R, Lipton RB. Comorbidity of migraine and epilepsy. Neurology 1994;44:2105-10
M ig
ra in
eu rs
w ith
d is
ab ili
ty (
% )
Pain intensity
2 4 6 8 10
Figure 3.10 Relationship between disability and headache pain intensity in a group of migraine sufferers. Adapted with permission from Stewart WF, Shechter A, Lipton RB. Migraine heterogeneity. Disability, pain intensity and attack frequency and duration. Neurology 1994;44:24-39
Su ffe
re rs
( %
)
Degree of disability
0 None Mild/
moderate Severe/ bed rest
Don’t know
Figure 3.9 Degree of disability due to migraine in a US study. Adapted with permission from Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Celentano DD, Reed ML. Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States. JAMA 1992;267:64-9
