ABSTRACT
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) originated in Mesoamerica, and is currently grown throughout the world. Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop next to potato (FAO, https://www.fao.org/nr/water/cropinfo_tomato.html). Globally, over 163.4 million tons of tomato were produced in 2013 with a value over 60 billion dollars, making it the eighth most valuable agricultural commodity. The top five tomato-producing countries are China, India, the United States, Turkey and Egypt. It is also one of the most commonly grown vegetables in home gardens, cultivated fields and greenhouses. Pests and diseases contribute to about 40% of tomato yield loss in the field worldwide. From 2014 to 2015, an approximate 9.5% decline in worldwide tomato production was attributed to the invasive South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and the disease late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans). In some regions, pests and diseases have caused the closing of tomato-based industries. For example, the emergence of whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses in Mali in the late 1990s resulted in the closing of
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