ABSTRACT
Shock is defined as a condition in which there is inadequate effective circulating blood flow to meet cellular oxygen demands. 1 There are various forms of shock, which differ in the underlying mechanisms by which there is impaired tissue oxygen delivery ( Table 43 ). In this chapter, the clinical signs, pathophysiology, recognition, monitoring, and treatment of various shock states will be discussed. Causes of shock
Hypovolemic
Hemorrhage
Trauma
Neoplasia
Coagulation disorders
Extreme dehydration
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Third-spacing of fluids
Wound exudates
Polyuria
Distributive
Sepsis
SIRS
Neoplasia
Pancreatitis
Burns
Trauma/crush injuries
Parvoviral enteritis and other forms
of sepsis
Snakebite/envenomation
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Cardiogenic
Mitral regurgitation
Bacterial endocarditis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Dilative cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive or unclassified cardiomyopathy
Dysrhythmias
Tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia
Sick-sinus syndrome
AV block
Obstructive
Pericarditis (restrictive)
Pericardial effusion/tamponade
Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
