ABSTRACT
Van Gend en Loos, the Dutch traders, were concerned that the
national customs authorities had sent them a demand for payment of
import duty on a consignment of goods at a rate higher, in their opinion,
than that allowed under the Customs Union rules of the Treaty of Rome.
Gabrielle Defrenne, the Belgian air hostess, brought a claim against her
airline employer on the basis that, although she was engaged in work
