ABSTRACT
In this concluding chapter, I would like to give final consideration to some of the uncomfortable aspects of penal development in Russia that have revealed themselves to me in the course of examining post-Soviet penality. As I stated in the Introduction, this book has taken me on a journey into the murky waters of imprisonment in a former totalitarian country. It is my hope that this study of Russian penal development has contributed to the ongoing developments in the philosophical, political and economic study of prisons. Fifteen years ago, the Russian prison system was committed to Marxism/Leninism. One of this study's key findings is that, nowadays, the universal doctrine of human rights has produced a failed penal society.
