ABSTRACT
The various chapters of this book have introduced the prevailing definition of what counts as sustainable urban development and discussed how the tools of governing are striving to deliver on this policy goal. This has involved unpacking the operation of different policy tools and how they combine different modes of governing: governmental regulation, taxation and command-and-control, governance networks with interaction, communication and negotiation between actors, and governmentality with its emphasis on steering and reframing to alter actors’ subjectivities. The discussion of reframing was expanded into a consideration of how learning is occurring within these different modes of governing, learning being seen as a way of conceptualizing policy problems and solutions afresh.
