ABSTRACT
During the last decades, preoccupation with environmental issues has increased worldwide, leading to the development of instruments to promote environmentally friendly practices and environmental services (ES) provision. Two instruments are particularly innovative in the promotion of ES: eco-labelling of products and payment for environmental services (PES) schemes. During the last decade, both instruments have undergone rapid development. In the late 1990s, eco-labels in food and non-food products were negligible. By 2006, certified coffee alone represented approximately 4 per cent (more than US$434 million) of world green coffee exports (Giovannucci, 2008). In addition, since the late 1990s, implemented PES schemes grew to more than 300 by 2002 (Pagiola and Platais, 2002).
