Impulse Circuit Model for Single-Electron Tunneling-Nonzero Tunneling Times

Based on the black box description and the tunnel condition of the extended hot-electron model, the critical voltage in circuits is determined by a delta pulse current, representing the tunneling electron from Fermi level to Fermi level, a discrete time step T, the tunneling time, and the voltages across the junction just before and after a possible tunnel event, vTJlbefore and vTJlafter that must have opposite values. With this model we can consider nonzero tunneling times. We will also investigate stochastic behavior of tunnel events that leads to a nonzero transition time.