ABSTRACT
In this section, we describe the basic operating principles of
the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). STM was invented in
1982 [110] and has provided a revolutionary method for obtaining
information on surfaces of metals and semiconductors with atomic
resolution in real space. Now STM has become an indispensable
experimental tool in surface science. Furthermore, STM has been
used tomanipulate atoms andmolecules, and opened the possibility
to create electron devices from atomistic viewpoints.