ABSTRACT

In this section, we describe the basic operating principles of

the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). STM was invented in

1982 [110] and has provided a revolutionary method for obtaining

information on surfaces of metals and semiconductors with atomic

resolution in real space. Now STM has become an indispensable

experimental tool in surface science. Furthermore, STM has been

used tomanipulate atoms andmolecules, and opened the possibility

to create electron devices from atomistic viewpoints.