ABSTRACT
The outer surface of biological membranes is usually negatively
charged (Cevc, 1990; Iglicˇ et al., 1997; McLaughlin, 1989). Also,
the outer membrane surface of the membrane daughter vesicles
released from different kind of cells such as red blood cells
(RBCs), platelets, and lymphocytes, as well as from apoptotic cells
(with negatively charged cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine in the
outer membrane layer) are negatively charged (Greenwalt, 2006;
Ha¨gerstrand and Isomaa, 1994; Ha¨gerstrand et al., 1999; Martinez
et al., 2005; Sorice et al., 2000).
