ABSTRACT
The operating life of a process plant is characteristically by far the longest
part of its life cycle. It is in operations where the benefits of technology
development, design, and capital investment are realised. It is here where
income generated rewards capital expenditure, where further employment is
created, and where products fulfil market demands. While the manufacture
of plant construction materials contributes to environmental impacts, by far
the greatest impacts during project life normally occur in operations, result-
ing from consumptions and emissions within process and utility streams. In
plant operations, waste emissions can occur beyond those identifiable from
design intent or process flow sheet analysis, in ways identified in Chapter 9.
