ABSTRACT
Consider a two-level atom of energy states |1〉 and |2〉 driven by a laser field. The atom can be represented as a spin − 1 2 https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429092053/5e12ab0e-ba42-4caa-9bdf-6325e9117d3e/content/ineqn14_1.tif"/> particle and the laser field can be treated as a classical field. The Hamiltonian of the system is given by () H ^ = 1 2 ℏ ω 0 σ ^ Z − 1 2 i ℏ Ω ( σ ^ + e − i ω L t − σ ^ − e i ω L t ), https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780429092053/5e12ab0e-ba42-4caa-9bdf-6325e9117d3e/content/eqn14_1.tif"/>
