ABSTRACT
This chapter is adapted from The Return of the Repressed: Violence, ‘race’, and dualization in three advanced societies, Working Paper # 24 (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1993). The following adaptation made for this chapter is from an article revised for inclusion in Loïc Wacquant’s book Urban Outcasts: A comparative sociology of marginality (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2007).
