ABSTRACT
The present chapter deals with calculations involving topical semisolid dosage forms, which include ointments, creams, and pastes.
Ointments are semisolid preparations that are intended for external use. Ointments may contain either finely powdered drugs or their mixtures, liquids, and other drug forms incorporated into appropriate bases. They are applied to the skin for their physical effects as emollients (which make the skin more pliable), protectants, lubricants, and drying agents. Ointment bases are also used as vehicles in which to incorporate topical medications which exert specific effect. There are four types of ointment bases, namely, oleaginous, absorption, water removable, and water soluble bases.
