ABSTRACT
Filariasis ....................................................................................................................................... 170 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 170 Etiology and Transmission................................................................................................. 170 Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation ........................................................................... 171 Animal Models ................................................................................................................... 172
Mice ........................................................................................................................ 172 Leaf Monkeys ......................................................................................................... 172 Rhesus Monkeys..................................................................................................... 172 Mandrills................................................................................................................. 172 Other Animal Models ............................................................................................. 173
Immunology........................................................................................................................ 173 Leishmaniasis ............................................................................................................................... 174
Etiology and Transmission................................................................................................. 174 Clinical Manifestations....................................................................................................... 175 Animal Models ................................................................................................................... 176
Murine Models and Immunology of Leishmanisis ............................................... 176 Hamster and Dog Models ...................................................................................... 177 Nonhuman Primate Models.................................................................................... 177
Malaria ......................................................................................................................................... 178 Animal Models ................................................................................................................... 179
Rodent Models ....................................................................................................... 180 Nonhuman Primate Models.................................................................................... 183
Onchocerciasis ............................................................................................................................. 185 Etiology, Transmission, and Life Cycle............................................................................. 185 Clinical Manifestations....................................................................................................... 186
Lymph Node Enlargement ..................................................................................... 186 Nodule Formation............................................................................................................... 186
Blindness................................................................................................................. 187 Sowda...................................................................................................................... 187
Animal Models ................................................................................................................... 187
Guinea Pigs............................................................................................................. 187 Rabbits .................................................................................................................... 187 Mice ........................................................................................................................ 188 Other Animal Models ............................................................................................. 188 Comparison of the Different Experimental Animal Models ................................. 189 Immune Responses................................................................................................. 189
Schistosomiasis ............................................................................................................................ 190 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 190 Life Cycle and Parasite Biology ........................................................................................ 191 Animal Models ................................................................................................................... 192
Mice ........................................................................................................................ 192 Rats ......................................................................................................................... 192 Nile Rats ................................................................................................................. 193 Hamsters ................................................................................................................. 193 Gerbils..................................................................................................................... 194 Guinea Pigs............................................................................................................. 194 Rabbits .................................................................................................................... 195 Dogs........................................................................................................................ 196 Pigs ......................................................................................................................... 196 Nonhuman Primates ............................................................................................... 196
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)..................................................................................... 200 Etiology and Transmission................................................................................................. 200
Nonhuman Primates ............................................................................................... 201 Mice ........................................................................................................................ 202 Rats ......................................................................................................................... 204 Dogs........................................................................................................................ 204 Chickens ................................................................................................................. 204 Animal Models for T. b. gambiense....................................................................... 205
References .................................................................................................................................... 206
FILARIASIS
Introduction
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by parasitic nematodes of the family Filariidae. Three species are of significance, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.1 Transmission is via the bite of blood-feeding female mosquitoes, which transmit immature larval forms of the parasitic worms from human to human. Filariasis is endemic in over 80 countries in Africa, Asia, South and Central America, and the Pacific islands. More than 40% of all infected people live in India, and one third live in Africa.1 Wuchereria bancrofti is distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, China, the Pacific, and the Americas.2 Brugia malayi is confined in distribution to South and South-East Asia, India, and Korea, while B. timori is found in Timor and parts of Indonesia.
