ABSTRACT
Carbamate Pesticides ............................................................................................................ 116 6.2.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 117 6.2.2 Materials and Instrumentation .................................................................................. 118 6.2.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................. 118
6.2.3.1 Modi ed SPCEs Preparation ..................................................................... 118 6.2.3.2 Immobilization of AChE onto CoPC-Modi ed SPCEs ............................ 118 6.2.3.3 Blank Measurements ................................................................................. 118 6.2.3.4 Inhibition Measurements ........................................................................... 118
6.2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 119 6.3 PSII-Based Biosensor for the Detection of Photosynthetic Inhibitors .................................. 120
6.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 120 6.3.1.1 Photosynthesis ............................................................................................ 120
6.3.2 Environmental Pollution: The Problem of Herbicides .............................................. 121 6.3.2.1 Herbicides in the Environment .................................................................. 121 6.3.2.2 Methods of Analysis .................................................................................. 121 6.3.2.3 Herbicides as Photosynthetic Inhibitors .................................................... 122 6.3.2.4 Methods for the Measurement of Photosynthetic Activity ........................ 122
6.3.3 Experimental Part ..................................................................................................... 123 6.3.3.1 PSII-Based Biosensor for the Detection of Photosynthetic Inhibitors ....... 123 6.3.3.2 Objectives ................................................................................................... 126
6.4 PCB Analysis Using Immunosensors Based on Magnetic Beads and Carbon-ScreenPrinted Electrodes in Marine Sediment and Soil Samples ................................................... 129 6.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 129 6.4.2 Analytical Methods for PCB Detection .................................................................... 130 6.4.3 Immunoassay Scheme for PCBs Detection .............................................................. 131 6.4.4 PCB Pollution in Environment and Food Samples ................................................... 132 6.4.5 Objectives.................................................................................................................. 133 6.4.6 Materials and Instruments ........................................................................................ 134 6.4.7 Direct Competitive Immunoassay Using Magnetic Beads as Solid Phase ............... 134
6.4.7.1 Antibody-Coated Bead Preparation ........................................................... 134
6.4.7.2 Af nity Reaction ...................................................................................... 134 6.4.7.3 Electrochemical Measurement ................................................................. 134
6.4.8 Analysis of PCB Mixtures ...................................................................................... 135 6.4.9 PCB Analysis in Marine Sediment and Soil Extracts ............................................ 136 6.4.10 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 136
References ...................................................................................................................................... 137
In recent years electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become an accepted part of analytical chemistry, since they satisfy the expanding need for rapid and reliable measurements.
