ABSTRACT
Coding has evolved from a tedious process mired in machine instruction addresses to a high-level description of executable tasks. At the lowest level, soware execution may be viewed as fetching, evaluating, modifying, and storing data. To understand implementation and its costs, we rst examine soware execution at the machine level. en we trace the progression of soware development as it relies on operating systems, and soware tools, primarily compilers. A short summary of the evolution of programming languages illustrates the importance of so- ware design and the appropriate modeling of data through abstract structures. We provide a brief overview of a standard modeling tool, Unified Modeling Language (UML), and close the chapter with a brief description of emerging standards for soware construction.
