ABSTRACT
The evolution of strategic management has been influenced by many dis-
ciplines, such as biology, history, physics, mathematics, psychology, anthro-
pology, economics, urban planning, political science, and military history
(Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel, 1998). As the strategic management
field has evolved, different views on strategic management have emerged on
its nature and characteristics. Since the 1980s, scholars have reviewed
strategic management literature and recognised groups of authors who
8: Formulation and Implementation
share similar views about strategy and strategic management and how
strategic decisions should be formulated and implemented. A number of
terms have been used for each trend or development, such as pattern,
method, view, approach, or schools of thought.
